Afro-American slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Afro-American slavery - Essay Example Slavery in America has been highly supported by the law. In 1686 the exchange of goods between blacks or between blacks and freemen was declared as not legal (Gikandi 244). In 1705 the House of Burgesses in Virginia promoted a series of laws aiming to ensure that slaves in the region would not be able to fight for their freedom in the future (Wood 11); also the above laws aimed to protect the interests of landowners in regard to their involvement in slavery (Wood 11). At the next level, in 1714, another law ‘prohibited blacks from planting their own corn, rice or peas’ (Gikandi 244). These laws aimed to control the efforts of slaves to improve their living conditions and to increase their autonomy. In practice, these laws were not fully applied, mostly because of the conflicts of interests developed in each particular region; for instance, in South Carolina masters preferred to allow a greater autonomy to slaves so that slavery is continued without problems, while in Vir ginia, a different attitude regarding the control over the slaves’ life was developed. This trend has led to the development of different systems of slaves’ control. In South Carolina the task system was promoted allowing to the slaves to use their free time as they wish; in Virginia the gang system was based on the close supervision of slaves almost all day prevented slaves from organizing their life. The cultivation of each section was assigned to a particular slave (Olwell 46), meaning that each slave had the total responsibility for the cultivation of the specific section.

Applied business research-week 9 and week 10 Essay

Applied business research-week 9 and week 10 - Essay Example Salary depends on age and years since they are within the .05 significance level. However, it does not depend on beauty. Hence, beauty is an irrelevant factor in salary determination and can as well be eliminated. Age is normally distributed since its skewness is .362 while its kurtosis is 3.49. Moreover, years is normally distributed since its skewness is .348 while its kurtosis is .536. similarly, beauty is normally distributed as it has a skewness of -.004 and kurtosis is .480 values that are close to zero. 7. The R2 is .184. This value indicates the proportion of variance in the salary_2 that can be explained by beauty, years and age in the model. Apparently, beauty, years and age, which are the independent variables, explain 18.4% of the variability of salary_2, which is the dependent variable. 9. Age and years are significant coefficients as their p value is less than .05. Every increase of an average of 1 year in the number of years that a woman is a model is associated with 0.9% increase in

Skills for Intercultural Communication

Skills for Intercultural Communication Introduction: Culture can be defined as the quality in an individual or society that emerges from a sympathy toward what is viewed as astounding in expressions, letters, behaviour, insightful interests, and so forth while the communication is described as the conferring or trading of data by talking, composition, or utilizing some other medium. Intercultural communication is a type of correspondence that means to impart data crosswise over diverse societies and cultural gatherings. It is used to show the extensive variety of correspondence courses of action and issues that rise-up in an association made up of people from diverse religious, social, ethnic, and belonging from distinct educational backgrounds. Body: The essential skills of intercultural communication are in a far-reaching way general communication abilities that might be utilized all around by all societies and races. These skills are basically tweaked in a course that looks into the cultural constraints. A simple idea as an example of such communication abilities in the intercultural environment is to listen without judging, rehash what you comprehend, affirm implications, give proposals and recognize a shared comprehension (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2014). In doing vast research, numerous researchers have recognized different fields and themes they consider critical for study in the field of intercultural communication. A few researchers (e.g., Gudykunst, 1987; Rich, 1974; Stewart, 1978) set a general research scope for the study while others (e.g., Hu, 2004; Jia, 1997; Watchman, 1990; Samovar, Doorman, Stefani, 2000) accept the more particular variables ought to be inspected in intercultural communication research. The general contents for doing research are made by Rich (1974). He discussed that the contents of intercultural communication might be arranged into five structures: intercultural communication, global communication, interracial communication, between ethnic or minority communication, and contractual communication. Gudykunst (1987) keeps up that intercultural communication research ought to incorporate four classifications: intercultural communication, culturally diverse communication, universal communication and similar mass correspondence. Another researcher Stewart (1978) focuses out that the research of intercultural communication ought to deal in genuine circumstances hurdles faced by people belonging from different backgrounds, which pointed out to arrange training programs for creating sense of humanity b/w intercultural diversified people. He expresses that training for intercultural communication ought to lead the trainees through nine phases of progressive change, empowering them to see an alternate culture all the more in a detailed way. As discussed above some contents of intercultural communication some additional contents were also brought into consideration as some different researchers (e.g., Hu, 2004; Jia, 1997; Doorman, 1990; Samovar et al., 2000) think that the research on intercultural communication ought to manage more particular variables influencing the nature of intercultural communication. Watchman (1990) separated those variables into eight components: attitudes, social organization, patterns of thought, roles and role expectations, language, space, time, and nonverbal expression. Later, Samovar et al. (2000) categorized the eight components into four general associating gatherings: observation, verbal methods, nonverbal methodologies and context oriented components. It is on the grounds that all these components could be distinguished, dissected and classified that the exploration of intercultural communication can be led (Jia, 1997). In this manner, the principle concern of these researchers is to an alyse the components that may impact intercultural communication and attempt to decide how to uproot the obstructions faced during communication created by contrasts in dialect, sustenance, and dress, social cultural practices. In a pileup, regardless of what different researchers have made on the characterization of intercultural communication research contents, it is by and large concurred that the investigation of intercultural communication expects to comprehend the impact of society on our mentality, convictions and practices with a specific end goal to diminish misconceptions that come about because of social cultural varieties (Chen Starosta, 1997). To put it all the more basically, intercultural communication exploration ought to be concerned with the particular contents influencing genuine intercultural communication in genuine living, regardless of whether it is in regards to intercultural, culturally diverse, interracial or between ethnic correspondences. As to every individual component, there exist some marginally diverse perspectives on what precisely ought to be inspected. In this study, taking into account the genuine research of the gathered information, we receive the classification proposed by Hu (2005) as a kind of perspective to order the research contents of the gathered articles. In his study, Hu (2005) arranged the intercultural communication research contents into the accompanying five classifications: summary, theory and research methods, cultural comparison and contrast, intercultural adaptation and training, special topics. Among the five classes, some special and worth-noticing points refer to the articles that dont have a place with any of the other four classifications (Hu, 2010). People are doing communication since four million years. Then again, the conception of culture is assessed to have taken place around 35,000 years prior. Today, both society and communication have advanced significantly and have gotten to be related of each other, to the point that communication is thought to be a result of culture. Accordingly, our own particular culture has a profound effect on our considerations and practices. Since each one has its unique viewpoints, intercultural communication might be the reason for clash and issue. There are three principle issues which are at the foundation of the issue of intercultural miscommunication: dialect as an obstruction, social differences and ethnocentrism. We will discuss these three ideas in circumstances in which intercultural communication is usual, for example: the work environment, the classroom and entertaining trips. The way individuals communicate differs broadly between, and even inside, societies. One part of communication style is dialect use. Language has dependably been seen as a connection between individuals however it can additionally constitute a boundary. Crosswise over societies, a few words and expressions are utilized as a part of distinctive ways. Besides, correspondence between societies which dont have the same language is extensively more troublesome. Each one in a society has its unique language structure, interpretations and structure which causes complexity in intercultural communication. Case in point, in Asian nations the saying no is seldom utilized, with the goal that yea can signify no or maybe. Subsequently, an American flying out to Japan may be viewed as inconsiderate in the event that he disregards this standard. Besides, people who are not happy with a certain language may not be considered important (StudyMode, 2014). The issues in intercultural communication normally originate from problems in message transmission. In correspondence between individuals of the same society, the individual who gets the message deciphers it focused around qualities, convictions, and desires for conduct like those of the individual who sent the message. At the point when this happens, the way the message is deciphered by the beneficiary is liable to be reasonably like what the speaker planned. On the other hand, when the recipient of the message is an individual from a different society, the beneficiary uses data from his or her society to translate the message. The message that the collector deciphers may be altogether different from what the speaker proposed. Attribution is the methodology in which individuals search for a clarification of someone elses conduct. When somebody doesnt comprehend an alternate, he/she generally accuses the disarray for the others ineptitude, double dealing, or madness. Successful communication relies on the casual understandings among the gatherings included that are focused around the trust created between them. At the point when trust exists, there is verifiable seeing inside communication, social contrasts may be disregarded, and issues could be managed all the more effectively. The significance of trust and how it is created and conveyed differ crosswise over social orders. Also, a few societies have a more noteworthy inclination to be trusting than others. Nonverbal communication is conduct that uses without words however it regularly may join by words. Nonverbal correspondence has been indicated to record for somewhere around 65% and 93% of deciphered correspondence. Minor varieties in non-verbal communication, discourse rhythms, and dependability frequently cause doubt and misperception of the circumstances among culturally diverse gathering. In the 1980s Geert Hofstede found 5 major measurements of national cultures that might be seen to outline diverse values in distinctive national societies. These qualities may have outcomes for how individuals in diverse societies carry on, and how they will possibly act in a work related context. One of these qualities is independence vs. cooperation. In individualistic societies individuals are required to depict themselves as people, who look to fulfil singular objectives and needs. In collectivist societies, individuals have more prominent stress on the welfare of the whole gathering to which the individual has a place, where individual needs, needs and dreams are frequently situated aside for the benefit of everyone(Geert, 2001). Conclusion: Taking everything into account, it might be expressed that there are new and developing progressions going ahead in the field of interchanges coming about because of changing demographics of the groups in which the business society must work. An alternate energy, which is changing the way business correspondence behaviour of individuals, learning recovery and capacity and additionally the route in which societies are continuously directed, is the appearance of new evolved technologies. The expert communication environment ought to, be examined and has expected a far expanding level of importance in the present age(Anon, 1999). References: Kwintessential.co.uk, (2014).An Introduction to Intercultural Communication | articles | cultural services. [online] Available at: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/introduction-intercultural.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Hu, Y. (2010).International Journal of Intercultural Relations, (35), pp. 555. StudyMode, (2014).Problems in Intercultural Communication by Study mode. [online] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Problems-In-Intercultural-Communication-25747.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Geert, H. (2001).What are Geert Hofstedes 5 Cultural Dimensions?. [online] Businessmate.org. Available at: http://www.businessmate.org/Article.php?ArtikelId=4 [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Anon, (1999).Appreciating the Diversity in Multicultural Communication Styles. [online] Available at: http://static.highbeam.com [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Annotated bibliography: First and foremost journal endeavours to offer a reaction, from a general point of view, to the inquiry of how culture uncovers itself in the application of qualitative research in intercultural communication. When we come across the expression culture it is most important to remember that culturally credited social cooperation methods are themselves the after effect of socially built methodologies. They are some piece of an individual-aggregate persuasion with numerous potential implications, which are rising and in steady reformulation from a wide collection of social and cultural points of view. A significant part of the research in intercultural correspondence has been administered towards the investigation of these frameworks of socially related implications. it offers the role of culture in communication among diversified people (Aneas and Sandà ­n, 2009). In the first referenced journal. an inquiry is tended to that how culture is conceptualized and shows itself in the application of qualitative system. With this goal we endeavour to summarize the research done from the field of intercultural and diverse communication which we feel may be of assistance in moving towards the important conceptualization in an essay. It is additionally kept in mind while writing the essay that the points discussed here will empower us to investigate, from a general viewpoint, the relationship between culture and probably the most critical parts of qualitative exploration (Adamopolous, 2011). The second journal used for doing an essay discuss some of the important thing out of which few points are discussed here in abstractive form. The globalized world nowadays is identified by an always developing number of contacts bringing about correspondence between individuals with diverse etymological and social foundations. This correspondence happens in view of contacts inside the territories of business, military collaboration, science, instruction, mass-media, and diversion, tourism additionally as a result of migration realized by work lack or political clashes. In all these contacts, there is cultural communication which needs to be as useful as could be expected under the circumstances, without mistaken assumptions and breakdowns. It is our conviction that exploration on the way of semantic and cultural similitude and contrasts here can play a positive and productive part(Allwood, 2014). Third research journal discuss more about intercultural communication in a brief way which is summarized here as we have now started to see that there is not a solitary, basic meaning of culture and that, indeed, distinctive journalists characterize culture in truly diverse courses (as variable, as capacity, as procedure, as force). Actually, how one sees and studies culture, a few scholars say, has moral ramifications some individuals see the way others study. Intercultural correspondence truly implies that when individuals from two separate societies correspond with one another. Numerous researchers have decided to break intercultural communication research into two primary sorts, generally like Emic and Etic. Essentially emic incorporates a research that focus on a culture from that cultures own particular viewpoint, typically intimating the utilization of perception, qualitative, or other open-ended exploration to confirm that point of view while etic is the research done that uses an external theories or general systematic frameworks to translate the code of conduct, world perspective, and so on., in a specific culture (Baldwin, 2004). Fourth journal article discuss by arguing that that the intercultural communication is critical to be considered in universal organizations as it analyses how individuals from distinctive cultures, convictions and religions meet up to work and correspond with one another. Need for understanding and adopting intercultural communication is expanding as more organizations go worldwide or global. They understand that there are obstructions and confinements when entering an outside domain. Without the assistance of intercultural communications they can unknowingly cause perplexity and make sever mistakes. For these intercultural organizations to rupture the social obstructions experienced when going into international grounds it is key for them to completely comprehend the cultural contrasts that exist to stop harming business relations because of gaps among people due to intercultural communication. There are numerous speculations that standardized some rules to help in the understanding of intercultural communication. These rules help in preventing ignorance between diversified cultural gatherings which results due to misunderstanding lack of knowledge (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2014). Fifth journal used to write an essay is written is Yanhong Hu in which he says that the increasing rate globalization in the world has expanded individuals need to be included in worldly activities in such fields as education, business, pharmacy, religion and even the military. Indeed, individuals with diverse cultural foundations are getting to be more related on one another, and the term intercultural communication is no more new to them. Keeping in mind the end goal to instruct individuals to create sense of understanding for respect of cultures of one another and outfit them with powerful and proper relational abilities in their intercultural experiences, the scholarly research of intercultural communication has developed and excited dynamic enthusiasm among analysts in this field. Numerous researchers and specialists have wandered profound into the field and created a interesting different themes identified with intercultural communications. Rather than the inspecting and investigating so many published books, articles peer-reviewed journals, there is moderately minimal precise data on the flow pattern of intercultural communication research at both local international levels. Locally, a few researchers have done some general research about the facts on intercultural communication. Though those studies may be instructive, they give off an impression of being generally individual perspectives and recommendations but not based on information based data. Two related studies are directed separately by ShiyongPeng (2005) and Wenzhong Hu (2005). His article on the exploration of intercultural communication is information based; on the other hand, what is needed to be discussed in this article is the detailed studies of the locally-based information demonstrating what sort of methodologies are adopted in their papers by Chinese intercultural communication specialists which is the thing that this study means to analyse (Hu, 20 10). References: Aneas, M. and Sandà ­n, M. (2009). Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication Research: Some Reflections about Culture and Qualitative Methods.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, [online] 10(1). Available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1251/2738 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2014]. Adamopolous, John Lonner, Walter (2001). Culture and psychology at a crossroad: Historical perspective and theoretical analysis. In David Matsumoto (Ed.),The handbook of culture and psychology(pp.11-34). New York: Oxford University Press. Allwood, J. (2014). Journal of Intercultural Communication, (35). Baldwin, J. (2004). Assumptions behind communication theories: Reality, knowledge, and values., pp.21-34. Kwintessential.co.uk, (2014). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication | articles | cultural services. [online] Available at: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/introduction-intercultural.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Hu, Y. (2010). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, (35), pp.554-555.

The Lottery :: essays research papers

'Controversy and Conflict Hits the Lottery';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The short story 'The Lottery'; by Shirley Jackson is very well known because of the tradition of the village. Tradition is a big point issued to the people throughout their lives. The title 'The Lottery'; sounds as if something good is being given away. As you know after reading the story, that isn't the case at all. The tradition the village faces is very controversial. The tradition of the lottery is taken in many different ways, because it is unexamined. In particular, the conflict of the story can be seen in the contrast between Old Man Warner and Tessie Hutchinson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lottery is an annual event which takes place in the village. It takes place on the day of June 27. Everybody gathers on this date in the middle of the square for the drawing of the lottery. To the townspeople this event is like any other event happening in their town, such as a dance, club, or even a holiday program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Summers, the head of the lottery, has to gather the information of all the households the night before to make the list for the following day. He has to mix the papers up with the one with the black dot on it in the box. The head of the household picks the paper from the box to seen if their family drew the dot or not. This event takes just a few hours to accomplish. The losing family then has to draw to decide who will lose in the household. The person who draws the dot will then get stoned to death. This is a ritual for the townspeople each year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are people who agree and disagree with this annual event. The older people in the town are accustomed to this event; therefore, it is easier for them to understand it. The others who disagree are the younger people in the town. The controversy of this annual event will always be their. There are people that will and will not get accustomed to someone dying each year in their town. I can see how people are upset with this tradition. It is not a tradition I would want my town to be known for. It is hard for people to grow into an event with such a dramatic ending. The people of the town who are accustomed to it are the older folks.

Management 3a

Oval International Computer Education Academic Handbook Open Distance Learning Semester 1 & Semester 2 Diploma in Management Year 3 2013 Streams : Marketing Human Resources Finance 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC 1. WELCOME 2. STUDENT SUPPORT 3. WORKSHOP 4. ASSESSMENT 5. ASSIGNMENT 6. EXAMINATION 7. FINANCE 8. REGISTRATION 9. GENERAL PAGE NUMBER 3-7 8-12 13-15 16 17-34 35-37 38-39 40 41-42 2 1. WELCOME Dear Learner Welcome to Oval International Computer College.We would like to thank you for having selected us as your institution of choice and assure you that we will do our best to support you in all your academic endeavors to ensure you attain success and progress in your chosen career. The Programme you have chosen is accredited by the Council on Higher Education (CHE) and registered with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) and the Department of Higher Education & Training (DHET).FACULTY OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OFFERING NO 1 2 3 4 PROGRAMME Certificate in Compute rs and Management (IT,TT,HR & MKT) Diploma In Management Diploma in Public Relations Bachelor of Commerce Degree NQF 5 6 6 7 SAQA ID NUMBER 24345 49991 49992 PURPOSE OF THIS ACADEMIC HANDBOOK This handbook aims to serve several purposes. It enables you as the learner to progress comfortably through the syllabus required to study and attain success in the subjects that comprise the learning programme. Presented to you is the following information: 1.An outline of the objectives of the Programme. 2. An academic structure reflecting the subjects comprising the programme. 3. A syllabus coverage per module to advise your planning and aid your progress. 4. Assignments for each module. 5. Examination Guidelines. ARTICULATION Upon successful completion of the programme, learners can articulate to the Diploma in Management or to the Diploma in Information Technology: Business Information Systems 3 DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT NQF : 6 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROGRAMME TOTAL CREDITS : 364 SAQA ID No : 4999 1SPECIALISATION STREAMS: Marketing Management Human Resource Management Finance Management PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAMME The Diploma in Management has been designed for the learners who are considering a career in any area of management or planning to develop their own business. The programme gives a solid grounding in the fundamental fields of business and management, and provides management knowledge through a mix of core and elective modules. The programme aims at developing the skills to apply the knowledge to the analysis and solution of management problems.As a life-long learner, these skills will enhance your ability to take on new knowledge in your current and any other field of study. We hope that you enjoy the many opportunities that the programme will offer you and wish you every success in your current studies. OVERALL PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES The overall objective of the programme is to carefully integrate the cycle of learning and take you through different phases from laying f oundations to application and integration.The programme will facilitate you to understand the interactions between the various functional areas of a business system and thereby appreciate the need for developing cross-functional perspectives in business. The knowledge imparted through the programme will help you to address management related issues in your organisations and arrive at value-enhancing decisions. 4 CHOOSE ONE OF THE THIRD YEAR OPTIONS BELOW AS PER YOUR SELECTED MAJOR SUBECT ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : MARKETING MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B MKT301A MKT302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Marketing Management 3A Marketing Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Strategic Marketing Strategic Marketing Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Human Resource Management 3A Human Resource Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Training and Development Industrial Relations Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B HRM301A HRM302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : FINANCE MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Finance Management 3A Finance Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Fundamentals Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Financial Management III Economic Environment of Business Total Quality Management E-Commerce Fundamentals Small Business Mana gement Business Project MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B FIN301A FIN302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 6OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING FLOW CHART FOR THE SEMESTER STEP 1: REGISTRATION 1. Complete an application form 2. You will receive an acceptance letter 3. Pay registration fee and deposit 4. You will receive all study material REMEMBER: Pay fees according to your payment plan STEP 2: REVIEW STUDY MATERIALS 5. Read your academic handbook and understand all processes 6. Study your assignment questions, textbooks & slm STEP 3: WORKSHOPS 7. Attend the scheduled workshop STEP 4: ASSIGNEMENT 8. Complete your assignments and submit for assessment. One assignment for every module registeredSTEP 5: EXAMINATION 9. Write examination according to the timetable 10. Receive your examination results 7 2. STUDENT SUPPORT 2. 1. Introduction In order to ensure you attain success, you are advised to:Have a good knowledge of the prescribed textbooks for your modules Plan a study timetable around the syllabus outlined for you in the Student Handbook. Be strict in adhering to this timetable and studying your syllabus thoroughly Refer to the extra reading material suggested Do as much research as possible to apply to your assignments.Complete your assignments diligently and submit on time Attend workshops for the Academic Year. Contact your Student Support services whenever you want to query some matter that is of concern to you email [email  protected] co. za 2. 2. First Line Support -Center/Campus Managers -Center /Campus Administrator -Head Office Staff 2. 3 Academic Support -Tutor support We have full time and part time academics nationally and internationally who are appointed to provide the highest standard of service (academic, research, facilitation etc) Some of them are mandated to: 1.Facilitate workshop, telephonic support, email support, contact supported -Program co-coordinators We have national program coordinators for each our faculty; they are responsible for highest quality and standard in their respected faculties The Co-ordinator is also responsible for student support (email is the preferred communication method) The contact details for the co-ordinators will be found within this book. Library service We have a physical library dedicated to Oval students at the Durban campus; Oval has also provided many public libraries with textbooks and self learning material which could be accessed by Oval students (You may check if your local library has been stocked with Oval Textbook and Self Learning Materials [email  protected] co. za ) -General Handbook The general handbook is available on the Oval website or a hard copy is issued to student by request This handbook contains rules and regulations that Oval International practices.The onus is on the students to ensure that they read the general handbook. 8 – Unique Services Registered Oval International students will receive a user name and pass word which will allow them access onto the OVAL INFINITI PLACE or LEARNER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS). Once a student logs onto the LMS, various services will be available to the student. S. No. 1 Learning Resource SLM (Student Learning Material) Features Learner friendly tutorial-inprint Self instructional, self motivating & self stimulating Core learning material hat drives all other learning activities Researched and developed strictly as per the accredited curricula Subject specific repositories of knowledge Exhaustive collection of the subject related information Produced according to the demands of educational institutions Make an easy and interesting read Designed to aid and reinforce the learning from SLM Interactive, easy to understand and engaging for learners Contain concise and bulleted information Illustrative in nature; inclusive of diagrams, tables, drawings, photos etc.Extensive collection of subject specific books Housed with books written by internationally reputed aut hors Repository of excellent visual resources Enriches the knowledge base on and beyond the curricula Comprehensive collection of academic instructions on significant topics and burning issues Hosts international experts as speakers on related issues 9 Learner Activity Understand Learning Objectives Combine the knowledge provided and own experience Analyse cases and solve problems Take self performance feedback by answering review questions Note relevant doubts Textbooks 3 E-Lectures 4 E-Library Read in accordance with the syllabus Pay special attention to the illustrative examples, case studies, figures, etc. Solve examples, review questions and any other exercise given Revise the content read Reread the difficult topics Understand the learning objectives Be self directed Note all important bulleted information Solve exercises given at the end Revise the topic Revisit the difficult topics to reinforce learning outcomes Visit the library as often as possible Make comprehensive study of the books osted Try to read beyond the curricula Note all information that might be useful for further reference Attend the seminars as often as possible Listen carefully Go through the presentations used by the speakers Read the speaker transcript 5 E-Seminar 6 Breakthrough Magazine 7 Online Assessment Topics chosen are of global relevance and importance Includes presentations and transcripts by the speakers Online magazine published monthly Forwarded to managers across African Continent Targets Government Departments, Academia and Business.Contributors include foremost academicians from leading universities in India and Africa Measures how much has been understood after going through all learning resources Shows you where you need to emphasize Ensures that you have learned and understood the subject Provides to check your skills in complete privacy as and when required Note all information that might be useful for further referenceRead the magazine to be updated on relevant is sues Learn by hands on experience of others Understand what is happening in your as well as related industry/ industries Note all information that might be useful for further reference Take 3 random quizzes from an exhaustive pool of multiple choice questions Gauge your performance in the tests Revise in the other learning resources, the topics you did not perform well in OVAL INFINITI PLACE Oval’s Infiniti Place (A virtual Online Portal) is your ticket to experience the classroom of tomorrow. So what is INFINITI PLACE? A web based classroom accessible from anywhere unlocking infinite possibilities for all South Africans. Infiniti Place is an education portal designed to be populated with hundreds of academic textbooks and reference material for online studies and resembles the services of a traditional classroom that could be accessible from anywhere, anytime for study purposes. Learners accessing the portal will have access to a host of E-services including e-books, e-lectu res, e-seminars, evideos, breakthrough magazines and online dictionaries. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to take your lecturer back home each day?Well, look no further, our e-solution allows you access to your lectures and academic content, Anywhere, Anytime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Our ground breaking solution has been developed to answer the problem areas experienced by many learners in South Africa. Having analyzed and studied student trends we have realized a major gap exists when it’s comes to competency and efficiency of students. Our e-solution has been pioneered to address these challenges enabling students to cope more efficiently with their academic curriculum and thereby enhancing their chances of excelling in their tests and examinations.Furthermore, our mission is inkeeping with Governments vision to educate the masses in rural areas thereby removing the digital divide that is prevalent in South Africa today. Up and until the recent past internet connectivity was accessible only to a privileged few. However with diminishing bandwidth costs and supplier competition the cost of bandwidth has reduced substantially and has served as a cost effective enabler to our virtual solution. Exciting times lie ahead for students and I humbly request that you familiarize yourself with Oval’s online portal.Academic content will be populated (phased-in) onto the portal as we move into semester 2. Should you require any assistance kindly direct an email to [email  protected] co. za or telephone our ICT help-desk on 031 3056192. 10 1. How do I access the online system? Go to www. oval. co. za or www. myovalportal. com/dev Enter in your Username and Password that has been smsed or emailed to you. 2. I have logged onto the e-platform and discover that I am registered for the wrong modules. What should I do? Download a query form from the Oval website (www. oval. co. a) – Click on the Downloads section. This query form should then be forwarde d to the MIS department via email ([email  protected] co. za ) or fax (031 3062150) to the attention of the MIS Manager. Alternatively students may contact the MIS department directly on 031 3056192 3. I have paid my fees but the incorrect amount is being reflected on my student account. What should I do? Contact the Admin Department situated at the Durban Campus. Contact mode students are kindly requested to telephone 031 3053072. For ODL related queries kindly telephone 031 3056192FEATURES IN THE ONLINE SYSTEM Features Profile Fee Description Biodata of students as completed in his/her application form is accessible via the Profile feature. Should any data be found to be incorrect, students have the option of updating their profile. Students are able to access amounts owing to the institution via this feature. An online payment gateway will also be shortly integrated into the system whereby students could pay their fees owing to the institution electronically. The Life-blood of Oval’s E-platform is contained in its â€Å"Study room† feature.This electronic environment brings together a myriad of e-services such as e-books, e-lectures, e-dictionaries, online assessments, e-guidance & e-learning pages that aims at transforming your educational experience with the institution. Students can save notes, add discussion topics, as well as view reference material via the Study room. This feature enables students to electronically view and submit their assignments on a per module basis. Via this feature learners can search for articles and information on any imaginable topic.Students around the country as well as the globe now have access to a Live Chat-room whereby they could discuss areas of difficulty, brainstorm and share ideas relating to their studies. Students can email and chat to faculty staff members via the Studyroom feature. Students will have access to all of their academic resources via this link (Past year papers, Powerpoint Presentatio ns, Learning Content) Studyroom Assignment Knowledge Base Live Chat-room Email & Chat (Faculty) Academic Resources 11 Photo AlbumTime Table Noticeboard Holidays Helpful Links Notice (Inbox) Change Password Campus events are captured and uploaded for our students viewing pleasure on a daily basis. View this space to gain a sense of student-Oval Life, which is a culmination of the various cultures, human values and creed in society. Access to exam and class timetables. Notices pertaining to DP tests, Campus Closure, Campus events, etc are put up on a daily basis for students to take heed off. Displays National Holidays as approved by the South African Government.Provides access to study techniques & skills, Child-line, SANCA etc From time to time students will receive notices from their faculty via the Notice feature which is situated the main menu panel on the top of the screen. Students can change their passwords at anytime via the Change Password feature. Students are hereby cautio ned that their passwords should not be divulged to other students etc Note: E-Services are in different stages of development . Remember the service mentioned above is unique and one of its kinds in South Africa and the Africa Continent has whole. 12 3. WORKSHOPS 3. Introduction One Workshop, per Semester is scheduled at our designated venues. Workshops have been carefully structured to provide summative tuition by the module co-coordinators in each module you are studying as well as providing clear guidelines on examination preparation and answering techniques. The workshops provide an ideal platform for students to address academic queries. 3. 2 Workshop Venues & Dates 1ST SEMESTER WORKSHOP (LECTURES) DATE ND RD CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED STUDENTS 1. DURBAN CAMPUS, 2. KWA-MASHU CENTER 3. PHOENIX CENTER 4. MALANGENI CENTER 5. PIETERMARITZBURG , 6. IMPENDLE CENTER 7.POMEROY CENTER 8. JOZINI CENTER 9. LADYSMITH CENTER 10. ST. CHADS CENTER 11. WATERSMEET CENTER 12. IMBAZANE CENTER 13 . ALL OTHER CENTERS 1. JOHANNESBURG (BRAAMFONTEIN) WORKSHOP VENUE DURBAN CAMPUS – 27/31 Joe Slovo Street (Field Street) OVAL BUILDING CONTACT NO 031 -3056192 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013 ALL 2 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013 ND RD JHB CAMPUS – 43 Biccard Street,Braamfortein OVAL BUILDING 011-4031151 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013ND RD 1. CAPE TOWN CAPE TOWN CAMPUS71 Burg Street OVAL BUILDING 021-4265135 13 2ND SEMESTER WORKSHOP (LECTURES) WORKSHOP VENUE DURBAN CAMPUS – 27/31 Joe Slovo Street (Field Street) OVAL BUILDING CONTACT NO 031 -3056192 DATE ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED STUDENTS 1. DURBAN CAMPUS, 2. KWA-MASHU CENTER 3. PHOENIX CENTER 4. MALANGENI CENTER 5. PIETERMARITZBURG , 6. IMPENDLE CENTER 7. POMEROY CE NTER 8. JOZINI CENTER 9. LADYSMITH CENTER 10. ST. CHADS CENTER 11. WATERSMEET CENTER 12.IMBAZANE CENTER 13. ALL OTHER CENTERS 1. JOHANNESBURG (BRAAMFONTEIN) ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD JHB CAMPUS – 43 Biccard Street,Braamfortein OVAL BUILDING 011-4031151 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD 1. CAPE TOWN CAPE TOWN CAMPUS71 Burg Street OVAL BUILDING 021-4265135 14 3. 3 Workshop Program Workshop timetables/programs will be available three weeks prior to the workshop scheduled date. Students will receive notification by email, text message etc.Remember the onus is upon the student to query with Oval International if communication is not received. On the days of the workshop designated Oval support staff will assist you to understand the timetable/schedule, and direct you to your class and assist with all your administration queries. 3. 4 Information for the workshop -Please read relevant study material before the workshop to enhance your participation in the lectures -Student should come prepare with questions that they find challenging -Workshop programs are provisional and are subjected to change -Lectures may be cancelled on he day due unforeseen circumstances -Students will be provided with short surveys to complete (how to improve the workshop etc) -Every student must sign the register of attendance -You are required to carry you own writing material -If you don’t attend the workshop, the discussion in the workshop is not documented hence we will not be able to provide you with notes Note: It is not compulsory for students to attend the workshop, but Oval encourages all students to attend. 15 4. ASSESSMENT 4. Introduction Open Distance Learning (ODL) students are assessed in two ways for the program, namely assignments and examinations 4. 2 Breakdown of Assessment -You are required to achieve an overall final mark of a t least 50% in order to pass a module The final marks are calculated as follows: 40% Assignment Mark + 60% examination Mark =100% Final Mark Calculations Example: Student Mary receives Assignment 40% of 65 marks =26 marks Examination 60% of 60 marks =36 marks Total =62 marks The results are evaluated as follows: 0%-24% 25%-49% 50%-74% 75%-100% Failed Supplementary Passed Passed with Distinction . 3 Plagiarism Plagiarism, cheating and fabrication of information is an offence (example: copying information from the website without referencing the source is plagiarism). Research material for assignments, case studies and seminars must be acknowledged . In other words, in-text referencing is required to prevent plagiarism. Oval International Academic Board will investigate each case. 16 5. ASSIGNMENT 5. 1 Introduction You are required to submit 1 Assignment per module per Semester. The assignment questions will be provided to you.The assignment marks will count toward your final mark for the Semester. The assignments constitute 40% of your final Semester mark. The final Semester Exam mark constitutes 60% towards your final Semester mark. Please ensure that, before you submit your individual assignments, you complete the requisite â€Å"Assignment Cover Sheet† (see later) to ensure that it reaches the correct assessor. (A) Faculty of Commerce and Management 1. Public Relation 2. Certificate in Computers and Management (HR&MKT) 3. Diploma in Management (HR, FIN& MKT) 4.Bachelor’s Degree in Management (HR, FIN& MKT) (B) Faculty of Science and Technology 1. Certificate in Computer and Management (IT) 2. Diploma in Information Technology 3. Bachelor’s degree Science (Information Technology) (c) Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism 1. Certificate in Computer and Management (TT) 2. Diploma in Travel and Tourism 3. Bachelor’s degree in Travel and Tourism 5. 2 Submission The preferred method of submission is email; Assignments can be submitted thro ugh the following methods 5. 2. Electronically by Email Students registered in the following facilities must submit their assignment through the applicable email address below: FACULTY 1. COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT 2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3. HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM ASSIGNMENT EMAIL ADDRESS [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: Email submission of assignment will be confirmed within 3 to 5 working days. If you don’t receive a confirmation by email, kindly contact Oval Head Office. 17 . 2. 2 Hand delivers your assignment to the nearest center/campus You may hand in your assignments to an Oval administrator. Head Office: OVAL INTERNATIONAL 31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREETS, DURBAN 4001 OR Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: To any of our Oval centers nearest you where you must ensure you sign the assignment register 5. 2. 3 Postal System You may post you assignment to: Head Office : OPEN DIST ANCE LEARNING MANAGER P. O. Box 2671 UMHLANGA ROCKS 4320 Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: We don’t confirm this method 5. 2. Courier Services Deliver Head Office : 31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREETS, DURBAN 4001 Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: We don’t confirm this method Faxed assignments will not be accepted. NOTE: Whichever method of submission you prefer, ensure that your assignment is received by OVAL on the due date. 5. 3 Number of copies You are required to submit only ONE copy of your assignment. 5. 4 Release of assignment results Assignment marks will be released to student 30 working days after due date Marked assignment can be collected at your nearest center/campus 35 working days after submission 5. Extension for submission of assignments An extension for submission of assignment will only be granted in exceptional circumstances/cases Extension will not be considered for the following reasons: -Work commitments -Unwell for a short period -Comp uter issues 18 -Email not functioning 5. 6 Late submission In case of an extension being requested the student is required to: 1. Contact OVAL international Head office one week before the due date and inform the Manager of this request for extension, with reasons. 2. Provide evidence warranting the extension when submitting the assignment late. 3.Only students who have been granted an extension for an assignment will not be penalized by having their mark capped (minus marks). 4. Capping of late assignments, minus 10% per day after due date AND thereafter 5. 7 Remarking of assignments Remarking of assignment will only be considered within 3 days after the marked assignment are available at your campus or center A fee of R200. 00 per assignment will be charged for the re-mark. In the event of a discrepancy between the original mark and the remark the higher mark will be considered Application for remark form must be completed and forward to [email  protected] co. za 5. Assignment d ue date 1st semester due date 2nd semester due date : 15 April 2013 : 25 September 2013 5. 9 General assignment guide lines The information for the preparation of the ODL Assignments and individual topic is covered in the Academic Handbook. This document is designed to assist in the preparation for the conceptualizing, researching and writing of Assignments. 19 5. 10 How to approach an Assignment: pre assignment information What is an assignment? An assignment is a written test that gauges your ability to conduct Research, collect and collate information, and argue your case in coherent and explicable terms.Firstly, a Research Design is made to set out how you are going to approach your assignment. The way to make out such a design is to brainstorm the topic of your assignment and then arrange those ideas into a coherent order in terms of how you think the assignment will unravel. Underline key elements of the assignment topic. This first step depends on the depth to which you would like to probe the subject. It would be best to treat an assignment as a serious reflection of your ability to probe a subject. Your Research Design is a good indicator of the strategy you are going to expiate on your subject.Secondly, collecting and collating information is crucial. The Internet simplifies your task since it should contain practically all that is necessary for your assignment. If it does not, it should still contain references where you can locate the desired information. Use additional sources of reference eg, textbooks, journals periodicals, newspapers etc How would you collect and store the information? You need a system of storage where you can recall all that you have collected. The way to do this is to have a meticulous index of the materials collected and stored for instant recall.This point must be scrupulously adhered to, otherwise your material collection and collation would result in a mess from which you would not be able to extract what you readily nee d. Set yourself flexible time schedules to accomplish each task. Your Research Design should take a certain allotted time, your data collection (including reading or surfing the internet) should likewise take a certain time and your collation (which can be done simultaneously with the collection) should also have a definite time slot.Remember your indexing system is the key to the material you collected, and it must be meticulously made. It is the key to your system since it informs you where you can find the material that you have had to collect Set aside time to scrutinize you index and your material. Argue in a style and pattern that your reader can follow with ease. Maintain subject heading to guide you along. Be clear concise and lucid. Always have a dictionary at your side to look into the meaning of words and a Thesaurus to look for alternative words that can improve the explanation of your ideas.Try to always use a computer word processing package to look for antonyms and sy nonyms. Once you have crafted a working draft of your assignment you have completed 75% of your task. The rest follows as a matter of course Proof read your final draft a few times and makes notes on the draft. Make sure that your assignment conforms to the required template namely Typed cover page Contents Page Introduction Body (comprising headings and sub-headings Conclusion Bibliography And that the font size should be Arial 12.Use one line spacing This will assist when you prepare the final write up. 20 5. 11 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS (DUE DATE) SEMESTER 1(All 1st semester assignments are due on the 15 April 2013) OUTLINE OF MODULES AND ASSIGNMENT TOPICS MANAGEMENT 3A – STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (MAN301A) Markets differ in a variety of ways including the degree of concentration and competitiveness, a fact which is reflected in the concept of ‘market structure’. Economists’ models link the structural characteristics of a market to the behaviour of firms in that market and subsequently to their performance.A key question therefore is how far a firm’s strategic decisions are shaped by the structure of the market in which it operates. ASSIGNMENT : You are required to undertake a detailed examination of 1. The changing nature of the long-haul transatlantic airline market. The market you are required to investigate comprises only the international passenger market (i. e. Excluding the movement of goods by air) 2. The existing market structure (25) (25) 3. Examine the changing external environment and consider the emerging strategy of the airline operators in this sector by making an intensive pestel analysis (50)You are required to do intensive research about Questions 1-4 Assignment guidelines Your assignment should include a Table of Contents page. YOUR ASSIGNMENTS MUST INCLUDE: Typed cover page Table of Contents Introduction Body Conclusion References Font size not larger than Arial 12 Spacing: 1? lines Your answers must include any t heories, charts, tables or exhibits necessary to support your analysis and recommendations. – References – At least 5 sources of reference must be included in your bibliography. 21MARKETING MANAGEMENT 3A – STRATEGIC MARKETING 3A (MKT301A) The module offers learners the knowledge to develop and plan marketing strategies, using Various tools and methods. Topics covered Definitions and concepts Marketing components Marketing concept Value chain and benchmarking Environmental analysis An overview of strategic planning Mission and vision BCG growth share matrix Pricing strategies Marketing strategy Segmentation Assignment Question 1 1. 1 Explain the product/market growth matrix. (also provide a diagram) 1. . Identify and discuss ten (10) pricing strategies. Question 2 2. 1 E marketing plays a major role in business. Formulate an E marketing strategy for a retail company 2. 2 Discuss three (3) levels at which differentiated marketing can operate. 2. 3 Outline five (5) benefits of segmentation. Instructions Your assignment must be at least 5 typed pages in length and include: A cover page Contents page Introduction Body Conclusion References Font size not larger than 12 [50 marks] (20) (30) [50marks] (20) (20) (10)HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3A – TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (HRM301A) It will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and implement Training and development strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate strategies that appeal specifically to that group, understand the importance of the human resource manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. 22Learning Outcomes Understand the concept of training and development Analyse the need for training Assess training needs Understand the methods and techniques of training Describe management development Identify types of learning Describe the characteristics of learning organisations Analysis of performance appraisal Promotions, Transfers, Demotion Topics covered: Organizational training : an overview Concept of Training and development Assessment of training needs Concept of training needs assessment Lectures Commence Methods and techniques of training On the job training Management development Concept of development Methods of management Decision making skills Interpersonal skills Introduction to learning Characteristics of learning organisations Performance appraisal Features and objectives of appraisal Methods of performance appraisal Traditional and modern methods Promotions,Transfers,Demotions Internal mobility Transfers, Promotion and demotion ASSIGNMENT 1 Question 1: (100 marks) (50) Topic: A Performance appraisal is said to be an excellent evaluation tool. ? Research and present information on the following: ?Featu res of performance appraisal ? Objectives of performance appraisal ? The performance appraisal process ? Methods of performance appraisal Your topic should include recommendations and the basis of conclusion for your topic. Question 2: (24) Critically analyse the three basic techniques of training and use some schematic representation to illustrate your points. 2. 1 On the job training 2. 2 Of the job methods 2. 3 Training techniques (8) (8) (8) 23 Question 3: 3. 1 Explain the criteria which can be used in choosing an organizational training and development strategy. 3. 2 Briefly explain the key assumptions of strategic human resources development. (26) (13) (13)FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT – FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (FIN301A) This module will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and conduct financial information and financial strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate decisions that appeal specifically to that business u nderstand the importance of the financial manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. Learning Outcomes Understand the financial management process – review.Analyse the nature of financial management Framework for financial management Mergers and acquisitions Distinguish between the types of leases Dividends International financial management Cost of debt Sources of finance TOPIC TO BE COVERED Review of financial management 2 Working capital management Concepts of working capital management Cash Management Capital Structures Nature of cash Motives for holding cash Receivables management Inventory management Components of inventory, Motives of inventory & Objectives] Sources of working capital, Financing of variable working capital, long term working capital, Sources of working capital ASSI GNMENT 1 Question 1 1. 1 State and discuss three (3) types of mergers 1. 2 Mergers may occur due to several factors. Identify and describe eight (8) reasons for mergers. 1. 3 State ways in which a firm can expand its operations. 100 MARKS] (50 marks) 24 Question 2 (50 marks) 2. 1 Some of the assumptions that underlie a model developed by Markowitz and Sharpe are elements of modern portfolio theory. Critically analyze this statement. 2. 2 Identify and explain the fundamental objective of the financial manager as well as his subsidiary objectives. 2. 3 Discuss the concept of the Agency Theory. Your assignments must include: Typed cover page References Font size not larger than Arial 12 SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (SBMN301) The module will equip the learner with the following: entrepreneurship skills so that they can manage their own businesses and function effectively within its structure.Learning Outcomes Describe what makes a successful entrepreneur, and see if you have those characte ristics Describe where small business fits into the business environment Identify small business opportunities and assess their viability Draw up a business plan Understand the procedure s and implications of establishing your own business Setting up a business Topics Covered: What is an entrepreneur, differences between an entrepreneur , small business manager Key success factors of entrepreneur Functional management skills and external factors Production factors Lectures commence Sectors in which small business can be involved Objectives of entrepreneurs, formal and informal enterprises Advantages and disadvantages of the forms Of enterprises From small business perspective. Stages of setting up a business, Business options Developing ideas and assess their feasibility, Needs and haracteristics of consumers Lectures commence Cultivation a creative attitude towards business idea Approaches to generating business idea. Difference between a feasibility study and a viability study , M ission and objectives of for an enterprise Expected market share, market segments, Calculating the income, expenses and net Profit, Setting a selling price, Contents of a business plan, 25 ASSIGNMENT [100 MARKS] Critically discuss the forms of ownership and their relevance in today’s business operations. Your discussion should include some recommendations as a way forward taking into consideration the government legislation on business options in South Africa.YOUR ASSIGNMENT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: Typed cover page contents page introduction Body conclusion References font size not larger than Arial 12 E-COMMERCE FUNDAMENTALS – ECOM301 Topics Covered: What is E-Commerce E-Commerce Transactions Electronic Commerce and Framework Electronic Commerce & Media Convergence E-Commerce in South Africa ( Students to Research) Anatomy of E-Commerce Applications Components of I-Way Global Information Distribution Networking Public Policy issue s shaping I-Way Electronic Commerce and World Wide Web What are the E-Commerce Application Services The advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce Technology behind the Web The E-Commerce Process Merchant’s Perspective Customers Perspective Issues in Customer Care and Services How E.Commerce transaction Takes place Electronic Data Interchange Factors of Electronic Payment Systems Electronic Payment Systems Steps and Benefits Market players in E-Commerce E- Commerce Business models 26 Benefits of Automation Framework of Computing (Devices used) ASSIGNMENT 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (100 marks) (30) (30) (20) (20) In a short essay, discuss the overview of E-Commerce in South Africa Discuss the issues in Customer Care and services of E-Commerce Discuss the attractions and detractions of the use of E-Commerce Discuss the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) transaction steps in E-Commerce Your assignment must include: – Title page – Contents page – Introduction – Lite rature – Conclusion – 5 References – Font size – Arial 12 27SEMESTER 2 (All 2nd semester assignments are due on the 25 September 2013) OUTLINE OF MODULES AND ASSIGNMENT TOPICS MANAGEMENT 3B – STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 302 (MAN302B) [100 marks] Markets differ in a variety of ways including the degree of concentration and competitiveness, a fact which is reflected in the concept of ‘market structure’. Economists’ models link the structural characteristics of a market to the behaviour of firms in that market and subsequently to their performance. A key question therefore is how far a firm’s strategic decisions are shaped by the structure of the market in which it operates. ASSIGNMENT [100 Marks] QUESTION 1 A vertical integration strategy has appeal only if it significantly strengthens a firm’s competitive position.Describe the above statement with regards to: 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3. 1. 4 Integrating Backward to Achieve Greater Com petitiveness Integrating Forward to Enhance Competitiveness The Pros and Cons of a Vertical Integration Strategy Outsourcing Strategies: Narrowing the Boundaries of the Business (When Outsourcing Strategies are Advantageous) (15) (15) (15) (20) QUESTION 2 Identify and discuss in detail three strategic vision and mission statements of three prominent companies worldwide accordingly. Explain the extent that these companies have achieved their respective mission and vision PN the companies you have identified can be located in any industry of your choice (35)MARKETING 3B – STRATEGIC MARKETING (MKT302B) The purpose of this module is to equip the learner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully understand and implement marketing strategies with the aid of research, analyse the process which will enable them to better formulate strategies that appeal specifically to that market, understand the importance of the marketing manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. LEARNING OUTCOMES: On completion of this module, learners should have a basic / fundamental practical and theoretical knowledge of: The value and nature of strategic management. An overview of strategic management. Strategic Planning. Strategic Implementation. Strategy Control 28Core competence Competitive advantage Developing alternative strategies Strategy formulation Types of strategy Strategy implementation TOPICS COVERED Consumer decision process New product development Product life cycle Product mix Branding Packaging Positioning Concept of unique positioning Types of positioning Repositioning ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: SEGMENTING AND TARGETING [100Marks] 1. Identify and discuss the benefits of segmentation 2. Describe the factors affecting the feasibility of segmentation 3. There are a wide variety of variabl es than can be used to segment the consumer market. Discuss four variables. 4. Benefits sought by consumers are more likely to determine purchase behavior.Formulate a benefit segmentation table of Colgate toothpaste. 5. Outline and describe the eight stages of the segmentation, targeting and positioning process. (5Ãâ€"20 marks ) YOUR ASSIGNMENT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: Typed cover page contents page introduction Body conclusion References font size not larger than Arial 12 29 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3B – INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (HRM302B) The purpose of this module is to give learners a thorough understanding of Labour relations required to enter the business/employment world. Learning Outcomes The course will provide an in-depth insight into the nature, context and scope of the field of Industrial Relations.Explain in detail Fairness, Grievance and Disciplinary Procedure To explain the balance between a generic perspective on Industrial Re lations, and its application in the South African contest. Describe the history of IR in South Africa Explain in detail the legislation in SA concerning Industrial Relations and employment Discuss the parties involved in the relationship Discuss the use of collective bargaining Discuss in detail Conflict and Dispute Management TOPICS COVERED: The industrial Relations systems The South African Industrial system Legislative framework governing Employment Relations Trade Unions and employer Organisations Collective Bargaining Discipline, Dismissal and Unfair labour practice Assignment: [100 Marks]Discipline refers to a procedure that corrects or punishes a subordinate because a rule or procedure has been violated. Discuss with examples the three approaches to discipline and final state what constitutes unfair and fair dismissal of employees according to Labour Relations Act of South Africa. Students are advised to search some information they can use to Google search. Marking Allocatio n: Table of Contents Introduction and Definitions Body (sub-topics integration) Researching and referencing Application of appropriate examples Conclusion (Recommendations) Class discussion / participation including attendance Bibliography (Harvard Method) (5) (10) (40) (15) (10) (10) (5) (5) 30 FINANCE MANAGEMENT 3B – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS (FIN302B)This module will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and conduct financial information and financial strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate decisions that appeal specifically to that business, understand the importance of the financial manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. Learning Outcomes Understand the financial management process -review Analyse the nat ure of financial management Framework for financial management Mergers and acquisitions Distinguish between the types of leases dividends international financial management Cost of debt Sources of financeTOPICS COVERED Poison pills Corporate governance leasing , Hire purchase Accounting aspects, Asset and liabilities management Financial institutions Role in economic development Duration analysis Gap analysis Commercial banks [100 Marks] Question One Discuss the concept of the Agency Theory. Question Two Explain the use and importance of the following financial ratios: 2. 1 Liquidity ratios 2. 2 Leverage ratios 2. 3 Activity ratios 2. 4 Profitability ratios Question Three 3. 1 Define a merger and explain two types of mergers. 3. 2 Poison pills are securities that safeguard a firm’s takeover. Explain two types of poison pill plans. Assignment 1 (20) (20) (5) (5) (5) (5) (15) (10) 31Question Four The information below is provided by Balls Traders 2011 sales Cost of sales deprec iation interest dividends Current assets Net non current assets Current liabilities Long term debt The Tax rate is 30% Required: Use the above information to: 4. 1. Draw up the income statement for 2012 4. 2. Draw up the balance sheet for 2012 4. 3. Calculate the net investment in non current assets at the end of 2011 & 2012 (10) (10) (15) R3790 2043 975 225 150 2140 6770 994 2869 (35) 2012 R3990 2035 1018 267 207 2346 7087 1126 2956 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT – TQMN302 The purpose of this module is to introduce the learner to fundamental techniques of Total Quality Management.Learning Outcomes On completion of this module, learners should have a basic / fundamental practical and theoretical knowledge of: Understanding Quality Quality Philosophies TQM –concepts and Principles Problem solving and improvement HRM System Statistical Tools Cost control TQM Benchmarking Topics Covered: Understanding Quality. Planning, Control and Improvement, Quality Perspectives, Quality Man agement, strategies, Case studies. Quality Philosophies. Definition, Implementation and Models, Case Studies Introducing TQM Concepts and Principles. Definition, Scope, Initiatives and Creativity, Measures of Quality, Failures. Case Studies 32 Problem Solving and Continuous Improvement.Six Sigma, Meaning, Concepts and Implementation, Similarities and Differences Systems- Reengineering. Definition, Components, Results, Case studies HRM Systems, Strategic planning for HRM, TQM Environment, Personnel, Labour Relations Elements of risk, Pareto analysis, Concentration diagrams, Sampling, Case Studies Statistical tools, definition Cost Control Implementation, Case Study TQM Bench Marking, Definition, Benefits Implementation, Case studies ASSIGNMENT [100 marks] Question 1 (50) Reengineering as stated by Michael Hammer is a holistic dramatic change that occurs when a Company radically redesigns work for quantum improvements in performance. Each organisation must determine for itself the rig ht time to reengineer.Discuss how Kodak had used reengineering to bring it’s product into the market, when FUJI, its main rival, introduced a new 35mm single-use camera. Question 2 : (50) There are two dimensions of quality. The first is the dimension of conformance and the second is about perceived quality. Discuss these statements fully taking into consideration the requirements below: (a) The different categories of Conformance. (Illustrate with a diagram) (b) Implementation of Quality Cost Monitoring Systems. YOUR ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: 1. Typed cover page 2. Contents 3. Introduction 4. Body 5. Conclusion 6. References BUSINESS PROJECTS – BPR0J302 Semester Assignment: Write a detailed business plan for a new business venture.Your plan should include the following relevant sections: Contents of a business plan: 1. Executive summary 2. Organizational background 2. 1 Current status 2. 2 Management team 3. Marketing pl an 3. 1 Pricing (100 marks) 33 3. 2 Demand management 3. 3 Distribution/Positioning 3. 4 Promotion and brand development 4. Operational plan 4. 1 Manufacturing/deployment plan 4. 2 Information and communications technology plan 4. 2. 1 Staffing needs 4. 2. 2 Training requirements 4. 2. 3 Intellectual property plan 4. 2. 4 Acquisition plan 4. 2. 5 Organizational learning plan 4. 3 Cost allocation model 5. Financial plan 5. 1 Current financing 5. 2 Funding plan 5. 3 Financial orecasts 6. Risk analysis 6. 1 Risk evaluation 6. 2 Risk management plan 7. Decision making criteria 34 6. EXAMINATION 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 Examination venues & dates 1st SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED Examination STUDENTS venue Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced DATE 12-26 June 2013 CONTACT NO 031 3056192 2-26 June 2013 033-3452984 011-4031151 021-4265135 0798318452 DATE 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 1st SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION STUDENT AT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS CENTERS Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 033-3452984 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 35DATE 11-22 November 2013 2nd SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED Examination STUDENTS venue Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pi etermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 11-22 November 2013 033-3452984 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 0798318452 DATE 3-9 December 2013 2nd SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION STUDENT AT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESSCENTERS Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 3-9 December 2013 033-3452984 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 36 6. 3 Requirements to write examinations -Every student needs to collect a confirmation slip from their campus or center, This confirmation slip grant permission to a student to write the examinations. -No student will be allowed to write examinations at any center/campus without a confirmation slip. Student may collect their confirmation slips at their nearest center 2 weeks prior to the commencement of examinations -Students who have outstanding fees will not be granted permission to write examination -Student has found guilty of disregarding Oval international rules and regulations 6. 4 Failure to write Students who do not attempt the final examination due to illness or circumstances beyond their control are required to submit proof to the ODL head office within 5 working days of the examination. 6. 5 Remarking of examination scripts Remarking of examination scribes will only be considered within 5 days after the examination marks are available to students. A fee of R200. 00 per examination will be charged for the re-mark. In the event of a discrepanc y between the original mark and the remark the higher mark will be considered Application form remark form must be completed and forward to [email  protected] co. za 6. Supplementary Examinations Student who obtain a final mark between 25% -49% will qualify to write a supplementary examination The student who qualifies for the supplementary examination is required to pay an additional fee of R100. 00 and complete an application form. The form must be submitted to head office (email: [email  protected] co. za) The onus is on the student to enquire if they qualify for supplementary examinations. 6. 7 Examination Scope The Oval academic team will provide an examination scope before examination; this scope will serve as a guide for students writing examinations. The guide will be available to student 3 week prior to the commencement of examinations 6. 8 Student requirements for the examination period Stationery Student card and identification document Confirmation slip Calculator we re applicable 37 7. FINANCE 7. Student Fee Oval has three payment plans designed to suit individual student needs (a)Cash Plan (full fee paid at registration) (b)Easi Plan (6 months) (c)Flexi Plan (10 months) Students are required to pay their fees according to the plan they have chosen. Failure to make payment as per you payment plan could result in interest accrued on your account etc. 7. 2 Payment You can make payment by Electronic Transfer, Bank Direct deposit or payment at DURBAN campus only. All oval centers are cashless centers. For every payment you must request a receipt from Oval. Payment steps Electronic Transfer, Bank Direct deposit 1. Transfer /Deposit money into the Oval account 2. Forward your proof to [email  protected] co. a or drop off at your nearest center 3. You receive an e-receipt from Oval 7. 3 Re enrolment No student is allowed to register any other qualification with Oval if they have bad debt 7. 4 Additional fees/charge Registration fee (non refundable) registration Change in Academic/Curriculum programme only before 01 March) Evidence for RPL Credit Exemption fee Credit Certificate/Academic Record Re – issue of result sheets Re – issue of Qualification Certificate Supplementary/Aegrotat Exam fee paper Special Examination fee R 300 R 100 per module R 50 per year of study R 100 R 200 (plus postage) R 150 per theory R 150 per practical R 150 per module R 150 (once R 600 uponUnpaid cheques and electronic rejections returned by the R 100 bank Replacement of lost registration cards SLM Textbook R 100 R50. 00 R100. 00 38 7. 5 Account details BANKING DETAILS: ALL CENTERS/CAMPUS EXECEPT JHB CAMPUS Student are advised to forward proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za Name of Account Account Number Bank Branch Code Branch Reference Oval International 4060943951 ABSA 632005 Durban Student name & surname BANKING DETAILS: JHB CAMPUS ONLY Student are advised to forward proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za Accoun t Number Account Name Branch Code Reference 405 968 2546 P. G. M Family Trust 510829 Student name + Course 39 8. Registration Registration What does a student do after completing a year of study and wants to move onto the 2nd or 3rd year?A student is required to renew his/her registration at OVAL International on a year-to-year basis *A student is not automatically registered for the next year of study This must to done after the student receives a final marks for the entire year The student will need to complete his/her registration for the following year of study and attach his or her previous academic record/s in order to re – register. The registration must be submitted to an Oval centre nearest the student. Once the student’s application is received, an Oval Student Advisor will provide the student with a letter confirming his/her acceptance and outlining the fees for that academic year of study.The registration will only be processed if the student’s fees for the previous academic year have been settled in full, and current registration payment is made. (Forward your proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za ) NOTE. 1. Software Modules: Please be advised that the onus for the completion of the software modules (where applicable) is the responsibility of the student and will need to be conducted in one of the three methods below : 1. The student will be prescribed the textbook for the software but will need to complete an examination for this at a registered software training provider then submit the results to Oval to be included in his / her final results for the year. 2.The student may attend Oval International’s – Microsoft Office (3 Months programme) at an Oval campus nearest to the student, paying the relevant fees for the course. Then submit these marks for inclusion in his / her final results for the year. 3. Complete a Practical based prescribed assignment for submission on a CD for assessment and complete a Theory based examination as a final assessment for the module. In the first and second instances above, the student will not be billed for the software modules but the remainder of the theory modules selected. In the third instance above, the software fee will be included in the total fee due to the college. 40 9. General 9. Contact details for assistance: The physical address of Oval International Distance Education office is: 27/31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREET, DURBAN. 4001 Support Service ODL Manager Registration Contact Person Rubeshan Nayager ODL Registration Officer : ODL Academic Support : Number 031-3056192 031-305 6192 e-mail address [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Assignments 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Examination ODL Academic Support : 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za Finance General ODL Finance Officer : 031-305 6192 ODL Staff 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za [ema il  protected] co. za 41 9. OVAL INTERNATIONAL CONTACT DETAILS OVAL INTERNATIONAL CONTACT DETAILS CAMPUS NAME CONTACT 1 Durban head office telephone Rubeshan Nayager 031-3056192 Fax to email Rubeshan Nayager 0866236050 Fax Rubeshan Nayager 031-3062150 2 Administration Officer 3 Pietermaritzburg 4 Johannesburg Fax 5 Cape Town OVAL HOME-UNI AND THUSONG CENTRES Malangeni-Umdoni Jozini Imbabazane-Estcourt Phoenix Kwa -Mashu Ladysmith Impendle St Chads Watersmeet Rubeshan Nayager Arthi Ramdeyal Ms Cherag Singh 031-3056192 033-3452984 011-4031151 011-4031153 021-4265135 Mr. H Smith 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NAME Patience Mkhize Nicole Nkosi Rebecca Bhengu Riona Sunker Riona Sunker Reshma Domun Hlengwe Ngcobo Nhlanhla Mthabela Londiwe Radebe Thabilile Nhlangu CONTACT 0838566369 0798318452 0827264691 031-3056192 031-3056192 0846024812 0744230307 0837450689 0737547840 0726760292 10 Pomeroy 42 Oval International Computer Education Head Office: 331 Smith Street, Durban, 4000 P. O. Box 2671, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320 Phone: 031-3056192 Fax: 031-3062150ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING FACULTY: QUALIFICATION: ___________________ SURNAME FIRST NAME/S REGISTRATION /ID NO MODULE TITLE/NAME MODULE CODE NUMBER OF PAGES ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE : : : : : : : BRANCH /CAMPUS/CENTER: YEAR OF STUDY: _________________ ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED : CONTACT NUMBER STUDENT EMAIL ADDRESS STUDENT’S MARK : : _____________________________________________ : _____________________________________________ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY EXAMINER’S COMMENT : 43 Oval International Computer Education Head Office: 31 Joe Slovo (Field) Street, Durban, 4000 P. O. Box 2671, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320 Phone : 031-3056192 Fax : 031-3062150APPLICATION FOR ODL SUPPLEMENTARY/AEGROTAT EXAMINATION 1. To be considered for the aegrotat examination, the student MUST produce valid motivation and/or documentation to qualify. (viz: Doctor’s Certificate, Death Certificate, Affidavit, other relevant documents). In this in stance no fee will be applicable for this examination. 2. A student will only be considered to write a Supplementary examination if permission has been granted by the Examination Board via the Head of Department prior to the examination. 3. The completed form must be submitted to the Administration Office prior to the commencement of the examination with an application fee of R100. 0 per paper for issue of a confirmation slip. 4. No entry into an examination will be permitted without a confirmation slip. 5. The onus is upon you to refer to the attached timetable and determine the dates on which you are writing examinations. 6. All application for supplementary/aegrotat examinations must be forward to the ODL Department before the commencement of the examination (email:[email  protected] co. za) or nearest Oval Center Please complete all details below: NOTE Personal Particulars : Student’s Name Registration Number ID Number Cell phone Number Academic Particulars : Programme Year of Study Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Motivation: Code Code CodeI hereby declare that the information in this application, is true and correct an undertake to supply the institution with additional evidence that may be required. I also understand that should any information given prove to be incorrect, disciplinary action will be taken against me. _____________________

The role of corporate identity in the Malaysian higher education sector

The Role of Corporate Identity in the Malayan Higher Education SectorIdentity, image and repute are the chief docket of organisation through corporate communicating activities. Van Riel ( 1997 ) survey found that there are three chief constructs in corporate communicating that are ever being studied by bookmans. The constructs are corporate individuality, corporate repute and communicating direction. On overall, corporate communicating is referred to as communicating, added with advertisement, media matter, fiscal communicating, employee communicating and crisis communicating. In order to be effectual, every organisation needs a clear sense of intent that people within it understand. They besides need a strong sense of belonging. Purpose and belonging is the two aspect of individualities. Every organisation is alone and the individuality must jump from organisation ‘s ain roots, its personality, its strengths and its failings. The individuality of the cooperation must be so clear that it becomes the yardstick against which its merchandises and services, behaviours and actions are measured. This means that the individuality can non merely be a slogan, or a aggregation of phrases: it must be seeable, touchable and all encompassing. Everything that organisation does must be an avowal of its individuality. In globalisation universe, both academic and concern involvements in corporate individuality have increased significantly in recent old ages. Organizations have realised that a strong individuality can assist them aline with the market place, attract investing, actuate employees and serve as a agency to distinguish their merchandises and services. Identity is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) . Thus, many organisations are endeavoring to develop a distinguishable and recognizable individuality. Certain features of an efficacious corporate individuality include a repute for high quality goods and services, a robust fiscal public presentation, a harmonious workplace environment, and a repute for societal and environmental duty ( Einwiller and Will, 2002 ) Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , the globalization of concern has eventually been embraced by the higher instruction sector in which instruction is seen as a service that could be marketed worldwide. Universities and other establishments of higher instruction have to vie with each other to pull high quality pupils and academic staff at an international degree. Hence, competition is no longer limited within national boundary lines. As instruction and preparation become a planetary concern sector, instruction selling is developing criterions more kindred to consumer goods selling. This presents several challenges for Malayan universities such as the development of a more client orientated service attack to instruction and an increased accent on corporate image. In a market where pupils are recognized as clients, universities have to implement schemes to keep and heighten their fight. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia develops quickly since 1990. Now, Malaysia has 20 public universities offering a assortment of classs and 100s of private universities. Competition is non merely within the state, but regionally and globally. The university needs to develop a competitory advantage based on a set of alone features. Furthermore, universities need to pass on these features in an effectual and consistent manner to all of the relevant stakeholders. Under these fortunes, universities have eventually realized the function of corporate individuality as a powerful beginning of competitory advantage.They understand that if managed strategically, corporate individuality can assist them develop a competitory border over rivals ( Olins, 1995 ) . As a consequence, a turning figure of universities have started to develop and implement corporate individual ity programme as portion of their strategic rowth and enlargement ( Baker and Balmer, 1997 ) .Reappraisal of LiteratureCorporate individualityBirkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) derived from Cornelissen and Elving ( 2003 ) refer to corporate individuality as the strategically planned and operational self-presentation of a company, both internal and external, based on an in agreement doctrine, long term company ends, and a peculiar coveted image, combined with the will to use all instruments of the company as one unit achieved by agencies of behavior, communicating and symbolism. Although universities are a higher instruction establishment organic structure instead than a corporate company, they have somehow embodied a corporate mentality in its quest to recognize its mission statement as an in agreement doctrine outlined earlier. Give this state of affairs, university is extremely prudent in its attempt to accomplish what it has set out to carry through by foremost, beat uping its tools an d means to pass on its individuality to its groups. In recent old ages, the importance of the corporate image has been recognized. One of the grounds behind this is the turning involvement in surveies of corporate image. The organisation considers that the transmittal of positive image is an indispensable stipulation for set uping a commercial relationship with mark groups ( van Riel, 1995 ) . Congruent with statements by Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) and Alessandri ( 2001 ) who posit that corporate individuality needs to be founded upon the mission statement of a corporate entity, university, in advancing its academic excellence, has significantly rallied its forces in geting at a logo that is really much stand foring the organisation and what it has to offer based on its mission statement. Olins ( 1995 ) outlines four phases in constructing an individuality plan. First, probe, analysis and strategic recommendations are carried out internally to find what a corporate entity should stand for. Insofar as university is concerned, it considers factors such as its place, market portion, nucleus values, cardinal thought, growing forms, size, corporate civilization, profitableness and fight in puting its ends. Olins ( 1995 ) argues that one time internal analysis and strategic recommendations have been carried out, the following phase is developing the individuality by agencies of behavioral alteration, individuality construction and name and ocular manner. Harmonizing to Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) , corporate individuality is besides communicated through the behavior of a corporate entity where mark groups are able to be judged by the actions conducted by the entity in covering with external forces or stimulations. The creative activity of a logo is a portion of its individuality edifice procedure which represents what it stands for ( Olins, 1995 ) . In planing the ocular manner, university makes usage of different colorss in the logo. To take words of Olins ( 1995 ) , the intent of a symbol is to show the cardinal thought of the organisation with impact, brevity and immediateness. The usage of different colorss and their representation in the logo of the university does show the cardinal thought to portray university as a modern organisation founded upon healthy rules and administration. Olins ( 1989 ) argues that symbolism warrants consistent quality criterions and contributes to the trueness of clients ( in our instance, pupil as clients to the university ) and other mark groups ( the possible pupils ) . The 3rd phase of Olins ‘ Corporate Identity formation is launched and introduced to pass on corporate vision. The individuality of university must be communicated through the mass media, another medium of individuality formation. The concluding phase of individuality formation is execution. In alliance with its mission statement to market the university as a first pick, university should join forces with other organisations in its quest to raise consciousness. Olins ( 1995 ) corporate individuality direction needs to be considered in the same position as fiscal direction or information system direction as portion of corporate resource where uninterrupted attempts is necessary to implement and keep it. However, Melewar and Jenskin ( 2002 ) place five sub-const ruct to mensurate corporate individuality or organisation viz. communicating and ocular individuality ; behaviour ; corporate civilization ; market conditions ; house, merchandise and services. The theoretical account adapts a multidisciplinary attack in the analysis of corporate individuality. It unites the psychological, in writing design, selling and public dealingss paradigms of the corporate individuality. In this manner the theoretical account represents different positions and school of ideas of corporate individuality, taking for a balanced combination between these different subjects. Furthermore, in footings of its application, the theoretical account presents a practical tool for analysis with its simple construction summarised in a comprehendible in writing presentation. Communication and ocular imagetouch about corporate ocular image ; corporate communicating ; architecture and location and unmanageable communicating. Corporate ocular individuality of the administration is reflected by five chief constituents which are orporate name ; symbol and/or logotype ; typography ; coloring material ; and slogan ( Dowling, 1986 ; Olins, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Olins ( 1995 ) these constituents â€Å" present the cardinal thought of the administration with impact, brevity and immediateness † . Meanwhile, corporate communicating defined by Van Riel ( 1995 ) is a direction instrument to make and harmonize favorable relationships with external and internal stakeholders. As pointed out by Markwick and Fill ( 1997 ) , it is critical to guarantee that consistent corporate communicating is delivered to all stakeholders. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) surveies on corporate individuality of the University of Warwick sort its stakeholders into two classs viz. in ternal ; and external stakeholders. The external stakeholders cover a broad scope of audiences from sentiment leaders ( concern, media, academic, believe armored combat vehicle, instruction specializer, government/political ) to alumnas and instructors. The internal audiences are divided into three chief groups – pupils ; academic ; and non-academic staff. In a research survey conducted by the University ( Opinion Leader Research ) it was found that overall cognition of the University differed well between these audiences: On the whole, a far higher proportion of internal as opposed to external audiences province that they know the University good. Among the internal audiences, the faculty members in peculiar, demo a low degree of cognition of the university ( Jones, 2001 ) . Corporate communicating covers direction, selling and organisational communications. Among the three, direction communicating is seen as the most of import ( Van Riel, 1995 ) . Top degree directors are s een as the chief medium of direction communications since they are responsible for conveying the corporate doctrine and vision to the internal stakeholders ( Melewar and Jenkins, 2002 ) . The constituent ofbehaviorconsists of direction behavior and employee behavior. Given the current demand for economic answerability and the increased focal point on consumer pick, universities are sing pupils and staff as clients. Consequently, to prolong the coveted degree of service quality, the relationship between administrative staff and faculty members, and administrative staff and pupils has become more structured. Therefore, the behavior of direction at universities is progressively resemblers that of a commercial company. Increasingly, faculty members acknowledge that a â€Å" corporate individuality refers to an administration ‘s alone features which are rooted in the behavior of employees † ( Balmer and Wilson, 1998 ) . As a consequence of decreased authorities support and a larger societal focal point on consumer pick, universities design classs that are in conformity to what consumers want instead than what universities believe should be taught. This new manner of looking at â€Å" clients † of instruction has created a demand to reexamine the relationship between the clients and university employees. However, in the context of a university, the designation of the client and the employee is non an easy undertaking. First, as identified by Sirvanci ( 1996 ) the student-university relationship is non a typical customeremployee relationship. The university pupil differs from a â€Å" conventional † client in the sense that the university pupil does non hold full freedom of pick with the merchandise ( knowledge/education ) , duty for paying the monetary value and might non even â€Å" measure up † to buy the merchandise. Second, in an environment where the pupils are classified as internal clients the categorization of academic staff is debatable. Academicians are classified both under internal client and academic staff. Evidence shows that relationship between academic and administrative staff is an country of possible struggle ( Pitman, 2000 ) . The tenseness is likely to arise from the fact that academic staff have different motivations for working in a university fro m administrative staff members and utilize a different value system of their ain. Corporate civilizationhas been a chief focal point of academic direction since the early 1980s ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) . Culture is the normally held and comparatively stable beliefs, attitudes and values that exist within the administration ( Williamset Al., 1993 ) . Jarzabkowski and Wilson ( 2002 ) surveies found that civilization in University of Warwick is based on the undermentioned dogmas: successorientated ; entrepreneurial and competitory ; intra-organisational competition ; low tolerance for non-performers ; open uping ; viing at the highest degree of sectoral environment, ( Harvard, Berkeley, Cambridge and Stanford ) ; and â€Å" strong Centre, strong section † . However, in an academic establishment understanding on a individual value set is hard to accomplish. Baker and Balmer ( 1997 ) in their survey about the corporate individuality of University of Strathclyde place that the job arises chiefly from the fact that each member of the university is an expert in a specific country and has hence a really strong position about how to continue in this country. In the absence of a general way for the academic community to continue this sub-cultures and multiplicity in individualities may harm the successful execution of a corporate individuality programme. The constituent of corporate civilization fundamentally involves the component of nationality ; ends, doctrines and rules and organisational imagination and history. Top ranking university accommodates pupils from different nationalities. With increasing Numberss of abroad pupils and academic staff, the function of nationality is diminishing. However, pupil consumption for public university in Malaysia is controlled by the authorities. The assignment of the academic staff besides needs particular permission from the authorities. As is common among other Malayan universities, it capitalises chiefly on the English linguistic communication as the chief linguistic communication of commercialism. Moingeon and Ramanantsoa ( 1997 ) stress the interaction between history and corporate individuality. They point out the manner history influences the definition of corporate individuality, i.e. â€Å" individuality is the merchandise of the history of the administration † ( Moingeon and Ramanantsoa, 1997 ) . They further province that individuality influences history and shapes the perceptual experiences and actions of the organisation members. Therefore, individuality besides produces history. History created an individuality in support of the entrepreneurial self-image and income bring forthing orientation of the university ( Jarzabkowski and Wilson, 2002 ) . Component of corporate individuality focal point onmarket conditionsaffecting nature of the industry and selling scheme. Malaysia ‘s higher instruction market is crowded and competitory. The general regulation in the market is that prospective pupils will frequently go to a prima university because of its overall repute, even though it may be comparatively weak in the specific capable chosen. The instruction and research appraisal exercises conducted on a regular basis and the magazine ( such asThe Times Higher EducationAddendumetc ) publications of the ranking of the universities reveal that certain universities are more well-thought-of and are perceived to be general leaders in the field. However, the generic feature of higher instruction makes the projection of a differentiated individuality hard. Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , some universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College, Durham, LSE, UCL, York, Nottingham, Manchester and Bristol have succeeded in this hard undertaking. Corporate and selling schemes are one of the few attempt to advance university internationally. For illustration, University of Warwick ‘s schemes are â€Å" heightening and advancing the University ‘s repute, peculiarly on the international phase † and mottos such â€Å" maintaining and developing our strengths in institutional administration and direction † and attempts to demo that â€Å" the university is be aftering to go on its business-like development † Corporate and selling schemes non merely find coveted future provinces of the organisation but they besides influence the formation of trade name and corporate perceptual experiences. Therefore, the manner an organisation defines its corporate schemes has a important impact on how it is perceived by its stakeholders. Simoes and Dibb ( 2001 ) province that the impression of corporate individuality is linked to the corporate trade name construct. Besides harmonizing to Ind ( 1997 ) corporate stigmatization is more than a ocular projection of the organisation – it is a manifestation of the organisational nucleus alues. Firm, merchandise and servicesare the last constituent in corporate individuality developed by Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) . These constituents are branding schemes and organisational public presentation. Branding to the populace is through heavy advertisement of the company ‘s image in the media and by editorial coverage in the local or international imperativeness. Articles in academic periodical, refereed diary, continuing and books by university lectors and pupils are a portion of positioning scheme for the university to make a good trade name of the university. University ‘s design, landscapes, and image development could besides be considered as portion of the stigmatization scheme. Performance of the university is evident by itself in footings of constructing up a loyal client base, winning national awards, retaining and developing employees, and the growing to the franchise. The public presentation can be measured by the acknowledgment received by the university. University ranking published by Times Higher Educations Supplement and other reputable organisation is a best index to mensurate university ‘s public presentation. Besides university ranking, other acknowledgment and award such as ISO 9000, discoverer award obtained by pupils and lector of the university, can be considered as elements of public presentation.Purpose of the StudyThis survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the university ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university. This survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the uni versity ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university.MethodThis was a bead and collect questionnaire survey of matriculation college pupils. Subjects came from 9 Matriculation College throughout Malaysia. In each of this matriculation college, pupils were prospective clients for the public university in Malaysia. In this subdivision, informations assemblage processs, respondents, and measurings of variables are detailed.RespondentsRespondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The at ionale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximately 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre. Respondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The ationale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximatel y 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre.Measurement InstrumentBased on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2000 ) , there are five chief constituents to developing corporate individuality. Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) besides use in the survey for service company. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , besides apply the same theoretical account to analyze the corporate individuality Warwick University. The instrument used to measure corporate individuality includes 80 points based on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2001 ) . The points stand foring four constituents of corporate individuality which are communicating and ocular imag e, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Each point is measured utilizing 5- point Likert type scale.Prior to the existent survey, we conducted a pre-test survey among respondents in the matriculation colleges. The pre-test conducted sought to find the grade of stableness, trustiness, dependableness of the measuring used in this survey, as there are really limited survey on corporate individuality and corporate repute. Consequences of the pre-test show Cronbach's alpha for communicating and ocular individuality is.90, behaviour is.87, corporate civilization is.86, and market status is.80 and house, merchandise and services 0.78.ConsequencesBefore we conduct factor analysis, informations are tested for coding/data entry mistakes and trials for normalcy are conducted for each of the study points every bit good as the concepts that are created by calculating single points. Trials for normalcy include kurtosis easures, lopsidedness step s, and ocular review of histograms. The bulk of points appear to be within normalcy. Kurtosis steps are below one. Lopsidedness steps are around zero, and analysis indicates normal-shaped histograms. Based on dimensions of corporate individuality in the communicating literature, and some points from Melewar and Akel ( 2005 ) , we generated an initial set of 80 points. These points focused on communicating and ocular individuality, corporate behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Using informations collected from the sample of 496 pupils, we conducted an explorative factor analysis utilizing chief constituents with the figure of factors non specified. The magnitude and scree secret plan of the characteristic root of a square matrixs indicated factors. In the following factor analysis, we set the figure of factors to five and interpreted factor burdens based on form matrix which resulted from oblique rotary motion ( Hair et al. 1998 ) . Oblique rotary motion was appropriate because the ultimate end of this research through factor analysis is to obtain several theoretically meaningful factors or concepts. Analysis of the 80 points resulted in five factors that explain 57 % of the discrepancy. Based on the oblique factor form, each factor clearly reflected one of the five priori dimensions. Subsequent loops were performed following omission of cross-loaded points or points that were theoretically inconsistent with their factor. The regulation of pollex provided by Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black ( 1998 ) were applied where points load less than.30 were eliminated. The ensuing solution consisted of 52 points explicating 78.4 % of the discrepancy. The dislocation of these points was communicating and ocular individuality ( 19 points ) , behavior ( 11 points ) , corporate civilization ( 11 points ) , market conditions ( 6 points ) and house, merchandise and services ( 5 points ) . The revolved factor burdens for these 52 points appear in Table 1.Factor AnalysisNormally, when factor analysis is used in a survey of this nature, consequences reveal a certain sense of conformance between variables. As a consequence, one normally can do well more sense out of factor burdens than is the instance in this peculiar survey. The chief constituents processs produced 5 factors with characteristic root of a square matrixs greater than 1.0. This 5 factor solution, shown in Table 1 ( see appendix ) , accounted for 57.9 per cent of the entire discrepancy. Factor 1 Nineteen points clearly define factor 1 as shown by the burdens in Table 1. All points load positively and the statement appear to stand for a construct of corporate communicating and individuality ocular. Statement such as ‘promotion ‘ , ‘advertising ‘ , ‘information and message ‘ and ‘media used ‘ , seem to stand for corporate communicating portion. Other point such as ‘office interior design ‘ , ‘lighting ‘ , ‘furniture ‘ , ‘design of edifice ‘ , ‘location ‘ , ‘landscape ‘ , ‘space ‘ , ‘logo ‘ and ‘the word UUM ‘ represent ocular individuality of the university. Communication and ocular individuality shows an of import component in mensurating the corporate individuality of the university. Factor 2 Behaviour is categorized under intangible individuality and highly of import in corporate individuality. Eleven statements clearly meet the lading standards on this factor. These points are ‘university ‘s policy ‘ , ‘behaviour of direction ‘ , ‘ethics ‘ , ‘quality of relationship ‘ , ‘staff dressing ‘ , ‘personal features ‘ , ‘suitable accomplishment ‘ , ‘helpful ‘ , ‘understanding ‘ and ‘knowledgeable ‘ . Factor 3 Another 11 points clearly define this factor. They are ‘vision and mission ‘ , ‘goal accomplishment ‘ , ‘philosophy and chief ‘ , ‘aspiration ‘ and ‘history and imagination ‘ . Most of these points reflect corporate civilization issues. Factor 4 Six points load flawlessly on this factor. They are ‘student oriented ‘ , ‘the function as pupil ‘s development ‘ , ‘strategic marketing ‘ and ‘promotion ‘ . This factor seems to reflect a sense of market conditions in the university ‘s corporate individuality. Factor 5 Five other statements specify this factor. They are ‘marketing scheme ‘ and ‘branding ‘ , stand foring the elements of branding. While, ‘award ‘ , 'employee public presentation ‘ , and ‘excellent ‘ loaded under component of public presentation.Discussion of ConsequencesThis determination shows an of import facet of corporate individuality in Malaysia is higher instruction sector. For higher instruction sector in Malaysia, all constituent of corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market status and house, merchandise and services ) play an of import function in act uponing and possibly in finding their corporate individuality. This determination has interesting deductions. First, happening reveals Matriculation College ‘s pupils look at all facet of corporate individuality of the university. This survey presents considerable grounds to propose that prospective pupils of the university truly see university ‘s individuality based on ocular. Factor analysis consequences clear up this statement even more as 19 points are loaded under these factors. It is interesting to observe that the elements of ocular individuality such as logo, landscapes, edifice, illuming and furniture all loaded on the same factor. This determination is supported by the literature on corporate individuality which sees corporate ocular individuality defined in the manner in which an organisation uses Sons, type manners, terminology and architecture to pass on its corporate doctrine and personality ( Balmer, 1995 ) . Identity should be seeable and easy to recognize by the people. These consequences show that the importance of ocular individuality should be a high spot to the university. A well-built corporate ocular individuality does non merely add to organisational visibleness, but can besides be used as a powerful arm in deriving an advantage over rivals, while pulling client s and assisting convince the parent to direct their kids to the peculiar university. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia, particularly universities should concentrate more on their individuality to guarantee the image of the university is increased. Second, this determination finds that corporate behaviors were considered to be particularly of import. Even though this constituent is categorized under intangible elements compared to ocular individuality that can be seen and touched, it is still an of import component to mensurate corporate individuality. Based on factor analysis, eleven points were loaded under this constituent. Customers are anticipating a specific set of personal features to organize or reenforce their feeling. Behaviour such as moralss, quality of relationship, staff dressing, personal features, suited accomplishment, helpful, understanding and knowing are the of import feature from the position of the clients. Training and instruction either takes topographic point in the university or exterior of the university will profit the university. Third, the constituent of corporate civilization including vision and mission, end accomplishment, doctrine and principal, aspiration and history and imagination is really of import to the university ‘s individuality. Corporate civilization portrayed the full organisation behavior. Positive corporate civilization and strong vision and mission will increase confident among the prospective clients, constituent market status and house, merchandise and services besides show to be an of import constituent to mensurate the corporate individuality. For university who intends to globalise their establishment, this consequences indicate that the corporate individuality direction should take into history its personality ( Balmer, 1995 ; Birkight and Stadler, 1986 ; Olins, 1978 ) , its corporate scheme ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) and the three parts of the corporate individuality mix ( behavior of organisational members, communicating and symbolism ) in order to get a favorable corporate repute ( Fombrun, 1996 ) which consequences in improved organisational public presentation ( Fombrun and Shanley, 1990 ) . If the consequences are generalizable, maximising all corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services ) should hold a positive consequence on the university ‘s corporate repute. Our findings suggest that corporate individuality of Malayan university instruments act upon their corporate image. One account for individuality is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) and to be researched by more faculty members and practicians.Decisions and RestrictionsBecause this survey focused merely on one university in Malaysia, it represents a limited trial on the corporate individuality. However, it has already suggested that corporate individuality does consequence the image of the university. The following measure is to measure the external cogency of he obtained consequences by retroflexing the survey to other Malayan university scenes. For illustration future research should prove whether similar consequence can be found in other public university or private university operating in Malaysia or foreign university based in Malaysia. We besides noted that, because this survey is derived from one beginning that is the possible clients, there is the possibilities of common method prejudices to be in this survey. Thus, future research should see obtaining informations from multiple beginnings. For illustration, elements of corporate individuality can be obtained from bing clients ( pupils ) . However, extra dimensions of corporate individuality needed to be considered. Such extra research can play a critical function in developing apprehensions about what and whether corporate individuality should divert from the ‘best ‘ corporate image. Additionally, we are besides cognizant that there are some restrictions in corporate individuality theoretical account used in this survey. Thus, for those who are interested to go on, the usage of seven dimension of corporate individuality ( Melewar and Karaosmanoglu, 2006 ) graduated table would supply better account about corporate individuality in organisations. 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