Taking a Look at Parkinsons Disease - 1450 Words

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is the most common movement disorder; its characteristics are loss of muscle control, stiffness, slowness, shaking, and impaired balance. My grandmother had Parkinson’s very bad and she couldn’t walk anymore or hardly talk, it’s very sad because they are just unable to do anything. Muhammad Ali is one of the best boxers of all time and now he also suffers from Parkinson’s; he also has all of these symptoms and is hardly able to talk. As symptoms worsen is when you see that one may not be able to walk, or talk. Over one million people in the United States suffer from this disease, and about five million worldwide. The disease was named after James Parkinson who described this disease as â€Å"shaking palsy.† The cause of Parkinson’s is unknown, but there are several things that may be factors. It has long been said that the main factors are genetics and environmental factors, although there isn’t really any direct evidence for this. There are five genes that are linked with Parkinson’s, SNCA, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, and LRRK2. About 15 percent of individuals with this disease also have family members with the disease. The five genes listed were the ones scientists identified and that are associated with the disease. Aside from genetics there also can be environmental toxins that may increase the risk of Parkinson’s, but this isn’t until later down the road. The risk of getting the disease from toxins is pretty small, and isn’t a mainShow MoreRelatedThe Speech On Parkinson s Disease Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesPresident is very important to American society; Parkinson’s inhibits a person from completing daily or strenuous tasks. The video in question argues that Hillary Clinton is in the 1/100 percentile that has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that affects the movement of the body. Parkinson’s is caused by nerve cell damage in the brain, where brain cells are gradually breaking down and dying. This disease begins at a low rate; this stage is shown throughRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinso n s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreComparison Of Parkinsons Alley By Christopher Hitchens And Parkinsons Disease1203 Words   |  5 Pagesworld look like if there was no such thing as an illness? Thousands of people each and every day would be saved. Illnesses destroy families all across the globe. In the articles â€Å"Parkinson’s Alley† by Joy Horowitz, and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens, the authors explain the fact that the causes for cancer and Parkinson’s di sease are not proven to be known. Joy Horowitz also points out; more and more research is being done each day to better the understanding of these terrible diseases. AlthoughRead MoreClinical Reasoning Of Parkinson s Disease1732 Words   |  7 Pagesby the nurses taking 8 steps: look, collect, process, decide, plan, act, evaluate and reflect which will help to support them on judgments and decisions made in health care. Parkinson’s disease is known as one of the neurogenerative diseases which mostly occurs in people older than 60 years. According to a research of Lynn (2012), it is related to the fall of dopamine levels in either side of the brain-stem, in the brain’s lower region. Symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease will appear whenRead MorePhysical Therapy And Parkinson s Disease1114 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion is does Physical Therapy help to slow or even stop the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? I found different sources of information to find an answer to this question. Although I found it doesn’t slow the development of or stop Parkinson’s Disease it was still helpful to learn new things about the use of Physical Therapy in a new way because that is the field I hope to go into. PHYSICAL THERAPY AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE: IS THIS HELPFUL? Introduction: Physical Therapy is a very helpful thing toRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease has been known about since ancient times. In AD 175, the physician Galen described it as â€Å"shaking palsy† in Western medical literature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performedRead MoreEarly Onset Parkinson s Disease Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is an in depth examination of a family and their experiences involving a loved ones, further referred to as R.M., diagnosis with early onset Parkinson’s disease. The information for this paper was gathered through three unstructured interviews, with three different family members, taken independently over several days. These interviews revealed the family’s developmental life cycle stage over many years, the illness narratives from three different perspectives, and the effects of thisRead MoreDiagnosis To arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the disease is a hideous task both for the doctor1700 Words   |  7 PagesDiagnosis To arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the disease is a hideous task both for the doctor as well as family members. Patient should be accompanied with a reliable person while visiting doctor. There are various stages of Parkinsons disease and its severity of symptoms vary from patient to patient. One of the most popular test that measure range of mobility is Hoehn and Yahr Staging of Parkinsons Disease that gives scale ranking of symptoms from 0-5. Number increases with increased severityRead MoreBenefits of Fasting802 Words   |  4 Pagesfasting is fasting can improve one’s physical health. According to Allan Cott, M.D an expert from the United States, fasting can help people look and feel younger. This is because fasting helps in detoxification to removes waste, toxins or poisons from the body, rejuvenate the body’s cells and replace cells that have been damaged with the new ones to make the skin look younger. Besides , fasting can improve the function of hormones, making the skin healthier and decrease the aging of the skin (M.ElsonRead MoreA Look At Non Alzheimer s Disease1684 Words   |  7 PagesA Look At Non-Alzheimer’s Disease Dementias By Katie Bergstrom, PA-S ABSTRACT: The most common tendency in assessing patients who display signs of dementia is to evaluate them for Alzheimer’s Disease. This means that Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia are conversely overlooked as possible diagnoses. Special attention to clinical presentation and the use of diagnostic tests (such as the MRI) and assessment scales (like the Mini Mental State Exam) aid in

Police History Free Essays

Police History Matthew Rico GJA/214 April 15, 2013 Damien Torres Police History Sir Robert Peel British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel is responsible for the development of the modern concept of the policing system in the 1800s. The first American police officers deployed on foot with no special training, tactics, policies or procedures, and had minimal education. American policing is a direct reflection of English heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peel and some of the greatest minds of the 1800s developed the Metropolitan Police Act that passed by Parliament in 1829. The Police Act heard scrutiny and criticism. â€Å"The uniformed constables embodied a new style of policing in contrast to the small and disorganized parish forces of the 18th century† (Police, Prisons, And Penal Reform,  2013). ? Peel feared an autocratic society and developed nine policing principles for the London police. Peel’s principles consisted of clear directive, and ensured Parliament the London Metropolitan Police Force meant to protect the public cruel and overwhelming characteristics of the military. Nevertheless, Parliament feared the possible threat of a military like police force may have over society, and passed the act. Parliament mandated the Metropolitan Police under high discipline, standards, and conduct. Avoiding misconduct and dishonesty the police used techniques such as employing individual’s form outside the city. Peel’s nine principles along with severe scrutiny established democratic and effective policing structure observed today. The American policing originally started with similarities as the British using only two of nine policing principles: military structure and beat patrol. American policing system primary objective’s were preventive patrol and deter criminal activity, whereas British policing system focused on clear established goals set by Peel, such as preventing crimes. American state, county, and local policing systems did not have objectives and guidelines for officers to follow. This made American police corrupt, brutal, caused politician autocracy, and received attacks from the public. Politicians employed individuals as police officers who backed them, irrespective of education, experience, and qualifications to preserve their own power. Officer’s enforced laws politicians passed for personal gain. It was common for newly elected politicians to dismiss an entire police force and re-hire individuals who supported his political campaign. Joining police agencies and politicians resulted in brutality and dishonesty to reach political objectives. In the 1900s a call for reorganization and elimination of political control in the policing system, known as the reform agenda. Police were considered public servants with a proficient duty to serve on a nonpartisan foundation. Today’s American police implement Peel’s nine founding principles with some modifications and additions. American policing still reinventing, has recognized the accomplishments of the British policing system through principles created by Peel. U. S. Government and Policing Organizations Police of the United States consist of federal and state. State level consists of three levels of police: Local, County, and State Police. Highway Patrol and State Police have jurisdiction through their entire state. Patrol areas mainly consist of state highways and Government Buildings. County Sheriffs operate county jails, and patrol areas not within city limits. County Sheriffs are sometimes contracted to serve cities as local police. City Police Patrol areas within their city limits. According to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nypd Mission†Ã‚  (2013), â€Å"The MISSION of the New York City Police Department is to enhance the quality of life in our City by working in partnership with the community and in accordance with constitutional rights to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, and provide for a safe environment† (para. 1). Federal Level Police include organizations such as Federal Bureau of Investigations, Drug Enforcement Administration, Secret Service, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Federal Police get their authority from the U. S. Constitution that safeguards Congress’ authority to control taxes and regional commerce. For example the Drug Enforcement Administration enforce laws on materials that have a ban. Police Practice and Government Relationship Each state is independent over their land and is different in respects to their Penal Codes. Federal organizations are regulated by Congress and seek national criminals and Tax linked laws. No state can create laws that fringe on the federal government according to the Constitution. The Constitution also controls the federal governments power over the states. The government may pass laws and often set guidelines for police agencies. Basically the government guides police agencies in a direction in which they believe the policing should be going. References NYPD Mission. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. nyc. gov/html/nypd/html/administration/mission. shtml Police, Prisons, and Penal Reform. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. parliament. uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/metropolitanpolice/Sir How to cite Police History, Papers Police History Free Essays History of Police John C. Dale CJA214 10-06-2012 James Ward History of Police If one were to ask, anybody in today’s society there would be an overwhelming consensus that police are necessary and a very valuable to keeping individuals and property safe from the criminal element. The earliest known police forces were in ancient China. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The persons assigned to this duty were known as prefects and carried out their duty from 771-476 B. C†¦ The prefecture system developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were dispersed and traveled across the state, with each individual having limited authority and employment period. There were different levels of prefects with different levels of authority. In Ancient China, prefects worked for the government as officials appointed by local judges. The judges who appointed prefects reported to higher authorities such as governors, the emperor of the dynasty then appointed the governors. The prefects oversaw the civil administration of their â€Å"prefecture†, or jurisdiction. Another earliest form of police forces were in the Roman Empire’s military. In most of the Empire, the Army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to provide some extra security around 63 B. C. -1480 A. D.. Local judges known as procurators fiscal and quaestors were called in to investigate crimes. The Emperor Augustus created 14 â€Å"wards† the wards were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men called vigiles, whose main duty was to act as firemen and night watchmen. Other duties were apprehend thieves, robbers and runaway slaves (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Police). The first formal police agency has English roots and was started in Britain around 1200. From this earliest known formal police agency a term known as â€Å"comes stabuli† derived the first constable and sheriff. It was the constable’s job to hold a particular office, most commonly in the law enforcement division. The office of c onstable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions, with each jurisdiction giving a different rank and limitation of power. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Within this new formal police agency the roles of bailiff, a person who watches over the prisoners, and watchmen, a person who watches over and protects property, assets, or people were established. The Statute of Winchester in 1285 brought about the British codification of police practices; this helped greatly to form a unified police society. In the 1736 a high tax on Gin was enacted which led to extreme rioting in the streets known today as the Gin Riots. Due to this extreme outcry from the public the 18th and 19th century saw the modern police forces as we most commonly recognize them today created. In 1829, Sir Robert Peel formed what is known as London’s new police, the world’s first modern police. Bobbies were metropolitan police member’s and the belief of this agency was to discourage crimes, and preventative patrolling of the streets specifically looking for crimes that were in the act or getting criminals off the street. These new police were known to walk a â€Å"beat† a specific area under their watch that they were in charge of maintaining order and reducing crimes through prevention. Under Sir Robert Peel, the first total uniformed police forces were established wish highly resembled a military organization. As the immigrates transitioned over to America, this type of patrolling was adopted thus leading us to the colonial period of policing. In colonial America during the 1630’s early colonists followed the English style of policing. Watch and Ward systems were established that required the duties of everyone who wanted to act as a law enforcer but offered no pay or training. Everyone looked out for each other and monitored the behaviors of others. The focus of the watches and wards was more centered around moral and civil obligations, not criminal. In colonial America when a rich person did not want to do their fair share of the duties, they would simply pay someone to do it for them. Philadelphia was the first large city to pay offers starting in 1658, the officers of each city were expected to solve their own crimes, and the Federal Bureau of Investigations was a long time away. In frontier America, the new lawmen had left their cultures behind and had to deal with new and unusual cultures in the West, including unknown and inhospitable Indian territories. U. S. Marshals enforced federal law only. These men had no training or pay and they were strictly volunteer. Due to the new cultures, the inhospitable landscapes and Indian tribes these volunteer marshals faced many adversities. During the gold rush of the 1840’s the earliest mining camps were extremely dangerous places, order and law was needed to the Vigilante Committee became the first organized justice system in these towns. Police in contemporary society are known as COPPS (community oriented policing and problem solving). These men and women are primarily employed to reduce crime; secondly, the other goal of COPPS is to identify community needs such as individuals in distress etc. Talking to citizens on the streets and participating in programs such as D. A. R. E (drug abuse resistance and education). With modern day law enforcement being regulated by two different entities, the U. S. Federal government and the local or state agencies there can be a conflict of interests. The main duties of the local and state police forces are to respond to calls, provide backup, help local and federal detectives to secure a crime scene, aid individuals who are in distress and are expected to be the first responders. The role of the government law enforcement is to oversee the larger picture of securing the nation as a whole. This includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigate broad national crimes and will come to the aid of major cases involving local state authorities. This relationship affects modern police practices by helping to share information between two agencies that can learn valuable aspects of policing from each other. Conflict may arise by some of the different practices being rejected by a particular law enforcement force but in my opinion, the role between the two entities is more beneficial than detrimental and helps us to live in a modern society that has effective police forces. References 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Police Reference Wikipedia. (2012). Police. Retrieved from http://http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Police How to cite Police History, Papers Police History Free Essays Teresa Kohl Ever wondered where policing came from? In this paper we are going to explore the history of policing and how it developed in America from the beginning. At the same time we are going to explore the deferent policing styles used In America through out history. After we will then look at the role of police In modern times In America. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Historical Development of Policing and Styles Most know that America adopted its original policing styles from Great Britain, engendering our ancestors all came from their before colonizing over here. When the first Europeans landed on the shores they had to protect themselves and others from the people that did not want them here. All men and able bodied young boys were in charge of policing up the area. Once everything settled down and everything started to get more situated Into more organized towns. The Justice of the Peace was created to protect the colonies and keep order. Criminals were usually put in stocks in the middle of town to pay their sentence to society. Eventually towns were growing to much and turning into cities where Justice of the peace would Just not work anymore. In 1636 the city of Boston established Night Watch, which idea worked reasonably well as long as the area remained a rural and agrarian one† (Sabbath, n. D. ). You could say that the night watch was a communal and Informal way of policing, Volunteers were In charge of walking the streets and watching for fires or any crimes being committed. When a fire or crime was committed the night watchmen would shout out odd to where the locals would wake up and hopefully take care of the â€Å"problem†. Since the night watch was mostly made of volunteers it usually would have men that sleep or drink while on watch, which would obviously make it to where it would not work. The cities would also use night watch as a punishment for people trying to avoid the military or as a sentence for a crime. Not until 1833 was a day watch implemented which carried out the same tasks as the night watch except â€Å"Augmenting the watch system was a system of constables, official law enforcement officers, usually paid by the fee system for warrants they served. Constables had a variety of non-law enforcement functions to perform as well, including serving as land surveyors and verifying the accuracy of weights and measures. In many cities constables were given the responsibility of supervising the satellites of the night force†¦ † (Potter, 2013). These first police forces were made up of full time employees rather than volunteers or people voluntary to watch the streets. By having a set police force cities were then able to set up rules and enforce them. Each established police force was also able to establish and implement its own standard operating systems rather than have everyone do their own thing. The departments also had to answer to higher government agencies rather than Just them selves. Police in Modern Society Police today have a lot more responsibilities than most people realize. Police are not only in charge of keeping order and serving and protecting the people. They are now in charge of protecting against terrorism, and extremists. How to cite Police History, Papers

It Is A Common Belief That The Decline Of Fatherhood Is One Of The Mos Essay Example For Students

It Is A Common Belief That The Decline Of Fatherhood Is One Of The Mos Essay It is a common belief that the decline of fatherhood is one of the most basic, unexpected, and extraordinary social trends of our time (Tischler, 2001, p.19). However, the opposing view of this standpoint is that there is no decline in fatherhood. There are very few people saying that they doubt the fundamental importance of mothers, yet there are those that believe that the importance of a father figure is diminishing (Tischler, 2001). There are even those who see the father position in a family to be easily replaceable with another figure such as a stepfather, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or any other person (Tischler, 2001). My view on the topic of whether or not a father is needed in a family, and yes I mean the birth father, not a replacement, is based upon my own upbringing. Since I am a male and am in the position of being a potential father, it only makes sense that I see the position of the father as an instrumental one pertaining to the upbringing of a child. I am constantly s urrounded by those who are in a family where either their parents are divorced and remarried, or those who live in single-parent household. I am biased on the issue of why a father figure is necessary due to the fact that I was raised, and am still being raised in a household where my parents remain married. I couldnt possibly imagine being raised in a family that is broken because Ive never experienced that situation. Therefore I find it a necessary that there be a father present in the lives of their children. Research MethodsAfter deciding on the topic of fatherhood and why it is important, I gathered the necessary information pertaining to my topic out of the book: Marriage and the Family Issues by H.L. Tischler. After reading through the article written by David Popenoe entitled A World Without Fathers I was informed on the stance of why it is imperative to have a father in the house while a child is growing up. Then I was informed of the ideas and concepts that support the view that finds the father figure unnecessary by reading the article Deconstructing the Essential Father written by Louise B. Silverstein and Carl F. Auerbach. At the end of the chapter in the book there were related websites where I could find more information. I visited these sites, however I found them to be of little use in developing, and portraying my stance on this issue. They each seemed to be commercialized and I didnt find any information that fit my position in this argument. From there I went to the searc h engine (ixquick.com) and searched for more information. I found the website (fatherhood.about.com) to be a very good site with which to research. Located at this address on the world wide web were different articles from newspapers and other publications containing information on fatherhood, fatherlessness, single fathers, and more. Under each of the previous mentioned topics, there were links to articles written with many different viewpoints, some pro, some con on the issues. The most convincing data, other then the two opposing viewpoints offered in Marriage and the Family Issues, came from one of these articles entitled, Contributions of Dads Cover Many Fronts written by Dr. Wade Horn. This article taken from the Washington Times gave the three different views on understanding why a son needs a father. Its answer to this dilemma is for the father to be around to do those fatherly duties such as;? A father needs to be a breadwinner and support the sonmonetarily. ? A father must be a second pair of hands, ultimately coming down to two is better then one. ? A father needs to sustain that unique combination of the mother-father relationship where the father takes care of the machismo acts and the mother offers the typical sensitive side (Dr. Wade Horn, 1999). Another article that offered a great deal of information not only for my side of the argument, but for both, was the article entitled Effects of Fatherlessness. This study of data collected by way of population surveys includes such data as: Children from a fatherless home are 5 times more likely to commit suicide, 32 times more likely to run away, 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders, and so on (Stuart Birks, 1996, p. 1). There are many other statistics like the ones previously mentioned in the data sheet that discuss and support the idea that fathers are a necessity in the lives of their offspring. My research concluded after I started to find the sociological views that support these theories, both my view and its opposing view, found in the textbook that accompanies the class. In Lindsey and Beachs book I found three direct quotes discussing the views of different sociological methods that pertained to the family role of the father. As pertaining to support my view t hat fathers are necessary figures, I found that the Functionalist point of view supports my claim. It mentions that it is more beneficial to the child if there are nonoverlapping instrumental and expressive gender roles where the husband-father has ultimate decision making power (Lindsey Beach, 2000, p.376). The other sociological view, the Conflict Theory, supports the other claim, that there is not a need for a father due to the social placement which promotes female subservience, neglect and poverty (Lindsey Beach, 2000, p.377). After successfully completing the research phase of this project I gathered my information by quoting the different sources. After compiling my highlighted quotes on note cards I was ready to shape the paper in an outline. From the outline, I wrote my paper. The Tell Tale Heart EssaySo to answer the question; Is fatherhood being devalued? By some, yes, due to the fact that there are so many marriages ending in divorce. Fathers are often tossed aside because theyve either fallen out love with their mate, or many of the other reasons couples divorce or separate. But it stands true, based on the facts that there is no one else who can do the job and tasks that are deemed necessary of a father better then the one person who was given the title, birth father.Conclusions and ReflectionMy initial thought on the father issue before all of the research and writing was that the father figure is an important one. On a deeper look into things I also thought the father in the family, in order to be most beneficial, must be the birth father. My stance did not change in researching this topic, but I did have to stop and think. While researching this topic, I thought, hey it might not be so bad for the father to be a step-dad because I did find some i nformation that said a stepfather can be beneficial. I did go back to my original thought however because I found a source, which was mentioned previously, which totally debunked the thought. Horn (2000) mentioned that children get their identity from their birth parents and without them in their lives, they go through identity crisis, which is one thing that is not needed. By looking at both sides of the issue Ive found that it is easier pick apart the opposing sides argument by looking at one issue within the main issue, and knowing what is wrong with the other sides opinion. While researching I found that there are many issues that can be looked at with two different point of views. Take for example the issue of having a father live in the house as opposed to anywhere else found in R.C. Lohrs article. He talked about distant dads and how there are many fathers who work and live in an apartment or some type of dwelling while they work and make it back to their family every now and then. He mentioned that here are these types of families who have problems with their children. The opposing side may view this topic as a way to say, look, theres a family with the father figure still intact and theres a dysfunction. My standpoint however would be that the father is gone most of the time like a father in a divorce so there are most likely going to be some p roblems. In closing Id like to give quote that put the whole topic of how important a father is in a family. But not just fatherhood, parenting as a whole. Dr. Wade Horn (2000) wrote: Fathers are important, critically important, to the healthy development of their (children). And so, of course, are mothers. Lucky is the child who has both.BibliographyReferencesBirks, Stuart. (24 January, 1996). Coalition of Family Support(12 paragraphs). Effects of Fatherlessness (US Data). . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masey.ac.nz%2F%7EKBirks%2Fgender%2Fecon%2Fnodad.htmGrant, Travis. (14 January, 2000). Fatherhood (14 paragraphs). Fatherhood: Past, Present, and Future. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/library/weekly/aa10699a.htm?terms=fatherhood%3A+past+present+and+futureHorn, Wade. (9 March, 1999). Fatherly Advice (20 paragraphs). Contributions of Dads Cover Many Fronts. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatherhood.org%2Fhorn%2Fhorn-030999.htmlLindsey, Linda L. and Stephen Beach. 2000. Sociology: Social Lifeand Social Issues. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lohr, R.C. (Winter 1989). Clinical Observations on Interferencesof Early Father Absence in the Achievement of Femininity (15paragraphs). Clinical Social Work Journal V.17, #4. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vix.com%2Fpub%2Fmen%Fnofather%2Feffects.htmlTischler, H.L., ed. 2001. Debating Points: Marriage and theFamily Issues. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall.