Understanding Effects Of Ethnicity In Afghan Culture Essay Example for Free

Understanding Effects Of Ethnicity In Afghan Culture Essay Ethnic contrasts common in Afghanistan have greatly affected peoples’ individual lives particularly during relational correspondence. As an Afghan resident, having a place with the Pashtan ethnic gathering, brought up in a multicultural society, I needed to ace the craft of compelling correspondence at an early age. Here in this paper, I will clarify how my life has been affected by ethnic contrasts in Afghanistan particularly during relational correspondence. I will clarify how I speak with my companions from my ethnic gathering, from other ethnic gatherings just as outsiders living in Afghanistan. My fatherly granddad, a Push tan was a senator in Central Afghanistan while my maternal granddad, a Tajik, was the Interior Minister and money serve and my dad was the Mayor of Herat City, in the west of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is arranged in South-western Asia. It fringes Iran, Pakistan and a few different nations in Central Asia. The â€Å"Islamic State of Afghanistan† is Afghanistan’s official name. Kabul is the capital and the other two significant urban communities in Afghanistan are Herat and Kandahar. Multiple quarters of Afghanistan’s populace possesses provincial territories. The education level in Afghanistan is exceptionally low and it is among the world’s nations with little economies(Hussain 34-35). My ethnic gathering, Pushtun, is the significant ethnic gathering in Afghanistan representing right around an a large portion of the populace (42%). Tajiks represent 27% Hazaras 9% Uzbel 9% Aimak 4% Turkmen 3% while the other ethnic gatherings represent 4% of the populace. Because of the assorted ethnic gatherings, Afghanistan has been embracing different language strategies in an offer to cultivate national solidarity. For example, in 1992, the socialist system fell because of consistent battling which emerged because of issues, for example, language strategy. Etymological contrasts made different groups battle one another. Thusly, between the year 1992 and 1996, Afghanistan’s national song of praise was changed from Pashto language to the Dari(Hussain 40-44) The 2003 Draft Constitution in Afghanistan saw the Pashto and Dari dialects become the official dialects during the Draft Constitution’s alterations of Afghanistan’s language strategy. The constitution made arrangements ensuring all dialects as equivalent. In today’s world, most nations endeavor to protect its people’s culture just as the language. Afghanistan has received the Assimilation Language Policy, which is planned for cultivating national unit by having a solitary national language. Pashtu is the national language of Afghanistan(Hussain 35-39) In Afghanistan, bilingualism is exceptionally normal. The vast majority, particularly literates can compose and talk in any event two ethnic dialects. As a youngster, I gained two ethnic dialects. When I went for my essential training, I could talk a couple of Dari words and expressions notwithstanding my native language, Pushtan. At the point when I joined school, I took in the Dari language which is educated on the grounds that it is the national language. At the point when individuals become equipped in at least two dialects, they will in general utilize the two dialects in relational interchanges. This outcomes in exchanging among codes and blending phrases from two distinctive ethnic dialects. Code exchanging is the utilization of words or expressions from two unmistakable dialects or lingos in relational correspondence. Code blending involves the utilization of different words or expressions. At the point when members code-blend, they figure out how to relate what is adjusted by the speaker during a discourse movement with the planned significance just as figuring out how to contrast what is spoken and what they know(Wood 67). In Afghanistan, individuals may code switch intentionally or unwittingly. At the point when an individual code switches unknowingly, it is on the grounds that s/he has picked up capability in the two dialects. In this manner, one will switch between the dialects and may not aim any open impact on the audience members, in spite of the fact that the audience members may accomplish an impact contingent upon how the speaker switches or blends phrases. Cognizant exchanging or blending between various dialects involves the speaker’s cognizant exertion. The speaker chooses where to put a specific word or expression with the point of accomplishing a specific correspondence impact (Julia 30). At whatever point I am with my Pushtan companions, we on occasion switch between the Pushtan language and the Dari language. Now and again, we do this unknowingly without placing into thought the correspondence impact it should our audience members. Skill in the two dialects empowers us to know where, when and how to blend the codes and switch between the two dialects successfully. All things considered, we have spoken and written in these dialects since adolescence. In Afghanistan, individuals switch between dialects for various differed reasons. For example, at whatever point I am with my Pushtan companions and a band of individuals from state Dari whom we may disdain and look downward on joins our band, we will code switch and code blend purposefully. We do this in an offer to cause them to feel undesirable. Incidentally, a few of us will blend some Pashtun words with the Dari language. Infact, an incredible level of the words and expressions utilized in the discourse may comprise Pashtun words. Typically, during most relational interchanges, everybody needs to take an interest and this involves understanding what different members state to react adequately. Since we retain certain data from them by code exchanging, this makes the Dari speakers pass on the discourse demonstration. Subsequently, some of them may pick to leave the band while the difficult ones may stay behind. Nothing disturbs like individuals breaking into giggling and you are left considering what entertained them. One can even be made to feel that he is the subject of joke. In this manner we may code switch in order to dispose of those we don’t need in our band (Jacobson 54) Our gathering may likewise code switch to cause different gatherings of individuals to feel increased in value. For example, at whatever point we are with our companions from other ethnic gatherings, a portion of my companions who have aced a couple of expressions and words from the dialects will blend them in with the Dari language. This causes them to feel obliged in our band. They feel that we value their dialects which are esteemed to be second rate basically on the grounds that they are not the official or national dialects in Afghanistan. During relational correspondence, everybody needs to be a piece of the discourse occasion. Thus, our companions will feel propelled to take part since we recognize their quality. Furthermore, at whatever point I am with my Pushtan companions and we experience Dari speakers who are not equipped in Pushtan, we decide to utilize the Dari language in an offer to suit them. During a discourse occasion, individuals will in general oblige different speakers. This is extremely pivotal for viable correspondence. Envision a circumstance where you address somebody in, state, Dari, and he reacts in Pashtun. Will you keep talking in Dari? Obviously not you would prefer to select to change to Pashtun on the off chance that you are capable in it in order to maintain a strategic distance from correspondence boundaries. Language contrasts in Afghanistan can prompt correspondence obstructions thus individuals have figured out how to oblige others during a discourse occasion by changing to the language utilized by different members (Giles and Coupland 52). During a discourse occasion, we may change our styles every once in a while. A portion of the reasons which make our band change styles during relational correspondence incorporate the point being examined, the members in our band, and the thought processes/aims of our band, etc. So we suit different members by altering the occasions we switch among dialects and endeavor to limit the quantity of switches relying upon the individual we are addressing. The convenience is applied in our everyday discourse occasions. Truth be told, a portion of my Dari companions who are not skilled in Pushtan have aced a couple Pushtan words and expressions. At whatever point we are chatting, they may blend a couple of Pashtun phrases with Dari states in a sentence. They do this in order to satisfy us. They need us to imagine that they perceive and value our language. In actuality, some of them do this mockingly; nothing disturbs a Pashtan speaker than to hear a Dari speaker or some other speaker utilize a Pushtan word or expression of which the person doesn't have the smallest thought of its significance. More awful still, some of them may even utilize an inappropriate word request. I once lived in Hawaii and scholarly a couple of Hawaii words. At the point when I visited the United States, I could hear the Americans change to the Hawaii language. A few Americans could even blend otherworldly expressions and words in with English. What bothered me more than anything else was the way that the Americans were not capable in the Hawaii language, yet they could set out blend Hawaii profound words and expressions of which they didn't have a clue about the significance. I think about this as a sort of burglary and a smack on the face to the Hawaii language. Individuals should regard other peoples’ language particularly otherworldly words and expressions. What's more, Afghan’s may likewise code switch since they feel that they can't communicate well in a specific language. They feel that they come up short on specific words or articulations from a given language and that another dialect may have a prepared word or articulation for the message they need to pass on. At whatever point I am talking with my Pashtun companions, who comprehend the Dari language, I won't trouble a lot to think for a word in Pashtun when I have a Dari word or expression for it. The vast majority will here and there think that its hard to communicate in their first language. To certain individuals, communicating in an official language is a lot simpler since it is the language they utilize more often than not, consequently, they generally have prepared words and expressions. A great many people concur that it is anything but difficult to communicate in Dari, the national language essentially in light of the fact that they use it all the more frequently

Thinking About Stupidity In Our Scholars :: essays research papers

The ineptitude in our researchers, similar to idiocy and self-importance all over the place, follows a model. The model introduced here was created by Anticommerical University Professor William Mason. It applies when all is said in done to ineptitude at any degree of power. It has 5 stages.1. Mimetic ArroganceOne party recognizes themselves as an expert regarding a matter and different gatherings impersonate that egotism. Instances of things researchers and educators are presumptuous about: science, writing, craftsmanship, human science, brain science, theory. Whatever the way of life lets us know is a troublesome subject, that is the thing that researchers choose merits being pompous about.2. Mimetic Use of the Word MimeticNow the gatherings start vieing for the object of egotism: language. Whatever enormous, extravagant words rise, others duplicate them. Since they all utilization similar words in various manners, any desire for discovering solid meanings of them disappears. To win, you just need to get greater selectiveness of words, for example, 'restrictiveness.' If the word gets omnipresent, at that point you make up much progressively complex words that have basic implications, for example, 'universal.' If this doesn't work, at that point you should depend on utilizing neojargon or pseudojargon or neopseudojargon or neopseudoneojargon. Instances of these types of language are the prefixes 'neo' and 'pseudo.'3. GraikosGraikos is a Greek word that implies "Greek." It's the base of much idiocy found in academic discursions. In the contention for regard, in the event that one side finds a substandard use of language, they are trapped in the allurement of Graikos and feel constrained to fight back by truly an entirely different language. Along these lines starts a "jargon" war, battled on the front line of the word reference. Graikos is the thing that makes it so difficult to peruse their expert diaries, so difficult to feel like you have any grip at all on jargon. It's so natural to feel mentally second rate compared to such unjustified use of language. The hole among researcher and layman escalates.4. IntimidationEventually one side crosses some discretionary limit of concern where the overseeing specialists feel constrained to intercede. It's basically arbitrary which side is viewed as the "supervising authority" since the two of them think about the different as useless filth, yet regularly it's the group with more professional educations, which utilizes increasingly venomous assaults to look after equality. Whichever side is viewed as the "supervising authority" turns into the intimidator of the layman and the other people who kept their inner self underneath edge are casualties, bound to low confidence and sentiments of worthlessness.5. Approved, Sanctioned and Sacred StupidityTo assuage the researchers, the specialists decide blame and visit approvals and discipline on the threatened.

5 Authentic People

5 Authentic People Sometimes when your two authors meet readers in public, they comment about how similar we are in person compared to the people we portray online, as though they didnt expect congruency between the web guys known as The Minimalists and the flesh-and-blood versions of Joshua Ryan. We feel the same way about many of our online friends after we get to know them in person: 1. Colin Wright. When you first meet Colin you think, Is this guy for real? He seems to be too nice to be a real person. But thats just who he is: friendly and helpful, and he lives a life of almost complete transparencyâ€"as if his skin is made of cellophane and you can see inside him. Colin embodies authenticity. 2. Leo Babauta. Leo personifies calmness and collectedness. The online  Leo is the same as face-to-face Leo. He admits that he doesnt have all the answers, and that his solutions might not work for your problems, and he is open and honest, and when you talk to him, he listens  as if you are the only person on earth. He is the definition of cool: not todays heavily mediated brand of focus-group-tested cool, but the real kind of coolâ€"the kind of cool you cant purchase off the rack at Banana Republic. 3 4. Jeff Marla Sarris. Jeff Marla are an outstanding couple, both online and off. We first met this attractive husband and wife team at an event in Chicago last year before we started interacting with them online. The first thing you notice when you meet them is their height difference: at 64, Jeff is usually the tallest guy in the room, and, at 411, Marla, umm isnt as tall as Jeffâ€"although she has the tallest personality in the room. Together they are an inviting duo, clearly enjoying their life together, while not living solely for themselves. Their collective demeanor is warm, calm, charming, and attentiveâ€"reminiscent of a pleasant family gathering. 5. Niall Doherty. We met Niall at the World Domination Summit  this year (2011) while staying  in the same hostel. Niall, an interesting Irishman who smiles a lot, draws you in right away with his kindness, and, once he has you near, he wins you over with his unapologetic honesty (and often shocking transparency). His stories are open, engaging, and entertaining, leaving you yearning for more because you know they are real, and as humans we yearn for that type of authenticity. We, as humans, often wish to emulate authentic people: we want to make some part of them part of usâ€"to instill in ourselves little pieces of authenticity. But the good news is that that authenticity is already there inside  us: we are all authentic already, yet we often mask our authenticity with things that are not realâ€"especially when we value material things instead of people, relationships, and experiences; when we surround ourselves with constructs that arent real; when we cover our surfaces with an embellished facade. When we mask the truth with lies, we hide our authenticity. To change, all we must do is be ourselves. Authenticity isnt something we do:  just being who we are is what being authentic actually means. So its best  to be yourself: to show the real you, warts and all. Anything less is, by definition, inauthentic. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Importance Of The Arts At School - 1497 Words

Importance of the Arts in School People often view artistic activities as a leisure activity, so though they may agree it is a nice thing to have, they may not think it is essential to a person’s life. It is the same for schools, with tight budgets, art is usually the first subject cut from a student’s learning experience because it is not viewed as a priority. However, with all of the academic benefits students can gain from being involved in any type of art subject, it is important that schools allow students an easy access to art. By making art programs more prominent, schools would be offering students a chance to improve academic performance, increase happiness, and open up minds. Though art is mostly viewed as a hobby, it benefits children academically. One way art helps academic performance is by strengthening students’ brains. The principal of Lyons Elementary School explained the Opening Minds through Art program (OMA) helped teach children concepts through art that would later help them learn more in different subjects (Smith). Art can improve students’ understanding of learning concepts, which will help them in different subjects in the future. artistic activities engage senses and make neural connections in the brain. The more neural pathways created and the stronger the become, the easier it becomes for the brain to take in new information. With a stronger brain and mental capacity, students’ performance in school with improve. Academically, art is beneficialShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Arts in School Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesSchool is about getting an education and preparing students for the future. From the very begi nning, it molds students into who they will grow up to be and what they will do. Children need to learn a little of everything in order to spark their interest. 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It is also considered a form of entertainment, not only for ourselves but for the entertainment of others as well. â€Å"Art in a nation’s most precious heritage, for it is in our works of art that we reveal to ourselves and to others the inner vision which guides usRead MoreThe Importance Of Arts And Funding Public School System Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesThe importance of arts and funding in the public school system. â€Å"I believe arts education in music, theater, dance, and the visual arts is one of the most creative ways we have to find the gold that is buried just beneath the surface. They (children) have an enthusiasm for life a spark of creativity, and vivid imaginations that need training – training that prepares them to become confident young men and women.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Richard W. Riley, Former US Secretary of Education. 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Art education can do much more than taking the stress away from the students. It can help students who have difficulty in core classes and help decrease the chances of dropouts. Art advocat es have been stressing the benefits of art education to schools. WhenRead MoreHigh School And The Neural And Scholastic Benefits Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pageseducation opens doors that help children pass from school into the world around them a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes music.† Music can do so much for the youth of the nation because it encourages group cooperation, independent study, and a way to relax. It has often been debated whether the benefits of music in school are significant enough to encourage continuedRead MoreAesthetics, The And Beauty Of Aesthetics1461 Words   |  6 PagesAesthetics, a dying subject within our society of which its importance needs to be expressed. Educating today’s youth on the values and beauty of aesthetics, in my opinion will improve the intellectualities of tomorrow’s society. By st udying aesthetics, one can learn to appreciate the world around them and to improve the inner self to find beauty and appreciate the simple things in life to counter balance the rationalized world around them. Aesthetics is the gateway for you to explore and use self-imaginationRead MoreEducation Is The Act Of Creativity Through Performing Arts Programs1627 Words   |  7 Pageslearning in elementary schools is through performing arts programs. However, over the years, a change in the education system’s views on the importance of art in education has begun to decline. Priorities have shifted and art in education has unfortunately been set the least bit of concerns of the school system. With this major change in school system’s academic curriculum, students are missing out on the benefits that a performing arts program can offer. Performing arts is the act of creativityRead MoreSchools Should Provide Better Funding For Such Programs1734 Words   |  7 PagesThink back to your primary and secondary school years. Do you remember going to music classes? Learning how to pluck out simple songs on the piano, a xylophone, or a recorder; or learning how to sing out a catchy tune? Did you have as much fun as I remember having? This fun is about to come to an end for the coming generations. Public schools are beginning to cut music programs from their budgets altogether, so our children may never know the sweet solace of scratching out a simple song. Generally

Using Qualitative Feedback Of Grades - 3184 Words

Letters Over Words: Using Qualitative Feedback Instead of Grades Paige M. Bartlett University of Washington Teaching to Transgress April 9th, 2015 Oppressive Classrooms The year was 1987. My mom was a freshman in college. She felt virtually invisible in her Intro to Anthropology course of around 300 people. It wasn’t her best class, but she was still surprised when she received a C- on the paper she wrote. She hadn’t thought she’d done that badly. Confused, she scheduled an appointment to talk to her professor about it. She walked into his office asking where she’d gone wrong, so she could understand and improve. The professor took the paper and changed the grade to an A. â€Å"I thought you were someone else,† he told her†¦show more content†¦It gives students a better understanding of their academic abilities and prevents students from being powerless in their own education. Grades have served to dehumanize students. Instead of being seen as full, complete beings they are reduce to A students, C students, and students failing the class. This judgment is not only made by their teachers but by society as a whole. Parents often set standards for what their kids grades need to be and punish them if they don’t reach the mark. Friends and classmates compare the results of tests and report cards, making learning into a competition where some are â€Å"better† than others. Additionally, and perhaps the most disturbingly, for some students, grades become a reflection of their own worth. It doesn’t help that in many ways our future is defined by our GPA. In a world where grades carry such weight, they can seem awfully fatalistic. A streak of bad ones can look like the end of a dream career. A friend of mine is facing just that reality. Her GPA is lower than she expects and lower than what it takes to get herself to grad school. With the added possibility of disappointing her parents or losing her scholarship, each assignment is an anxiety provoking threat, which could take her closer to failure. The way we’ve set up schools, once your grades drop, it becomes incre asingly hard to bring them back up. Many students faced with mounting

Outline the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God (21) Free Essays

Outline the cosmological argument for the existence of God (21) The Cosmological argument is an argument that attempts to prove the existence of God, it is also known as the causation argument which argues that as all events require a cause, if the universe is an event it must have a cause and that cause is God. The argument is a posteriori because its based on evidence that already exists in the universe. The cosmological argument is also inductive because the conclusion is what is most probable, it is also synthetic because the truth can only be determined by experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God (21) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cosmological’ comes from the Greek words ‘kosmos’ and ‘logos’ translated as ‘cosmos’ synonymous with ‘universe’ and ‘Logos’ meaning ‘blueprint’ or ‘plan’. Therefore, ‘cosmology’ refers to the ‘blueprint of the universe’. The Cosmological argument originated from Plato and Aristotle however it was mainly later developed by St. Thomas Aquinas. Their arguments both began with the idea that motion needs a prior agency. Plato then identified the first cause of the chain of events as the need for an unmoved mover which started off the chain. Aquinas’ main argument is well known as ‘Aquinas’ third way’; the argument from contingency and necessity. The first of Aquinas’ ways was ‘from motion,’ this follows the idea that all objects move and a change of quality is movement. Nothing can move itself, which then leads to the idea of a chain of movement but the chain cannot be infinate, therfor there must be an unmoved mover to begin the chain. This first mover is God. The second of Aquinas’ ways was ‘from efficiant causes,’ this follows the idea that all things are caused by something else because they cant cause themselves or they would exist before themselves. However this would mean that there cant be an infinite chain of causes, meaning there must be a 1st cause that caused all causes, then this 1st cause is God. The third of Aquinas’ ways is ‘from contingency and necessity. This follows the idea that everything is dependant of factors outside itself, therefor everything is contingent. If this is correct then there must be a necessary being upon which everything is dependant on. The necessary being is God. Another part to the cosmological argument is the Kalam argument which was developed by Al Ghazali and recently developed by Craig. The Kalam argument rejects the idea of an actual infinite because an actual infinite past of the universe is impossible. Craig developed the Kalam argument and added that it is logically unsound to propose an infinite series because for this to actually occur we would have to have travelled an infinite length of time and so still wouldnt be in the present yet. However, some would critique Aquinas’ theory, for example; Hick pokes holes in aquinas’s ‘three ways. ’ Hick says that Aquinas present us with two alternatives; that the universe is either â€Å"a fact†, or there is a ‘first cause’. Aquinas’ argument can only be proven if there is evidence of a first cause of the universe. (ii )Consider the view that the strengths are more convincing than the weaknesses (9) Leibniz argued that there had to be a sufficient reason for the universe to exist which supports Aquinas’s theory. Leibniz says that even if the universe had always been in existence, it would still require an explanation for its existence so we can establish that there is something rather than nothing. Since there is nothing within the universe to show why it exists the reason must therefor exist outside of it. However Hume disagrees with Aquinas and observes that to arrive at the existance of god from the premises of the cosmological argument, this requires an inductive leap which ineffectively guesses without having actual evidence that allows for the assumption to be made. This then means that you cannot make an inductive leap about the universe because we cannot make conclusions about something outside our exerience. In contrast to Hume copelston suports Aquinas’ rejection of infinite regress based on the idea that an infinite chain of contingent beings would only consist of contingent beings therefor meaning they could never be able to bring themselves into existence. However like Hume, Mackie disagrees with Aquinas’ inductive leap by stating hat ‘ everything at some time must exist’ to ‘at some point sometime everything does not exist’ here there is a clear overlap of things that just dont make sense to put after eachother as there is clearly something missing in the middle. Taking these points into consideration we can make the assumption that the weaknesses are in actual fact stronger than the strengths because the strenghts agree with the inductive leap aquinas has made, however the leap clearly looks as if something in the middle is missing as you just cant make an assumption on something bigger than us that we have no expience of. How to cite Outline the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God (21), Essays

s Love Got To Do With It

What’s Love Got To Do With It? â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† is Joyce Carol Oates’ updated version of Anton Chekov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†. Oates did a wonderful job restructuring the plot and changing the protagonist from the man to the woman. If the essay was about Checkov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†, the theme would have to of been appearance versus reality. However, Oates’ modern version places the woman as the narrator, and by doing so unmistakably changes the theme to Love. Not just the shameful love of a man who is not hers, but the love she has for herself. The story starts at the rising action, and continues with a cyclic plot of flashbacks mixed in with the present. The setting in the first part of the story keeps with the theme and takes place in the DeRoy Symphony Hall, where seemingly happy couples who are in love have come to enjoy a show. Anna, the protagonist is at the theater with her husband (the antihero) who is off getting them drinks. While he is away, she sees her lover, who is the antagonist. Seeing her forbidden man when she least expects it causes her to panic. She is sick with what she calls shame that feels like â€Å"mucus, like something thick and gray, congested inside her, stuck to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  749. But, the shame is not shame at all. What is stuck inside her, even coating her eyelids, is love. She briefly admits it to herself in the middle of her panic. â€Å"How slow love was to drain out of her, how fluid and sticky it was inside her head† 749. Her shameful, lustful love for a man who wa s not her husband reigned over her. Her love for that man made her fee alive and purposeful again. Her husband, a clumsy, soft, aging man loved his wife the best he could. â€Å"Sometimes he failed at loving her, sometimes he succeeded† 758. He was self absorbed, and probably made Anna feel as though she wasn’t important. â€Å"He talked to her always about his plans, his problems, ... 's Love Got To Do With It Free Essays on What\'s Love Got To Do With It What’s Love Got To Do With It? â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† is Joyce Carol Oates’ updated version of Anton Chekov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†. Oates did a wonderful job restructuring the plot and changing the protagonist from the man to the woman. If the essay was about Checkov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†, the theme would have to of been appearance versus reality. However, Oates’ modern version places the woman as the narrator, and by doing so unmistakably changes the theme to Love. Not just the shameful love of a man who is not hers, but the love she has for herself. The story starts at the rising action, and continues with a cyclic plot of flashbacks mixed in with the present. The setting in the first part of the story keeps with the theme and takes place in the DeRoy Symphony Hall, where seemingly happy couples who are in love have come to enjoy a show. Anna, the protagonist is at the theater with her husband (the antihero) who is off getting them drinks. While he is away, she sees her lover, who is the antagonist. Seeing her forbidden man when she least expects it causes her to panic. She is sick with what she calls shame that feels like â€Å"mucus, like something thick and gray, congested inside her, stuck to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  749. But, the shame is not shame at all. What is stuck inside her, even coating her eyelids, is love. She briefly admits it to herself in the middle of her panic. â€Å"How slow love was to drain out of her, how fluid and sticky it was inside her head† 749. Her shameful, lustful love for a man who wa s not her husband reigned over her. Her love for that man made her fee alive and purposeful again. Her husband, a clumsy, soft, aging man loved his wife the best he could. â€Å"Sometimes he failed at loving her, sometimes he succeeded† 758. He was self absorbed, and probably made Anna feel as though she wasn’t important. â€Å"He talked to her always about his plans, his problems, ...

Nascent and other Words for New

Nascent and other Words for New Nascent and other Words for New Nascent and other Words for New By Maeve Maddox When I heard a man on the NPR Business News refer to a â€Å"new nascent industry,† my redundancy meter clicked. The adjective nascent comes from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"to be born.† The English word means â€Å"about to be born or in the act of being born or brought forth.† In extended use it refers to something in the act or condition of coming into existence. The sense of â€Å"new† seems to be included in the word nascent: In the 1980s, Mr. McMahon formed relationships with cable networks, helping a nascent MTV gain popularity through its wrestling programming. This is the second post in a series on North Carolina’s nascent Medicaid reform What can the nascent legal pot industry learn from the Prohibition Era? Inside Detroit’s Nascent Start-Up Culture In chemistry, nascent describes the condition of an element at the instant it is set free from a combination in which it has previously existed. Ozone also tends to be unstable and break down into dioxygen and nascent oxygen and to react readily with other substances. A close synonym of nascent in some contexts is emergent: Germany, Britain Lead Europe’s Nascent Economic Recovery Spain’s emergent economic recovery brings renewed confidence to the rest of the eurozone Both nascent and emergent are popular as company and product names: Nascent Technologies Nascent Solutions Nascent Design Emergent BioSolutions Emergent Technologies Emergent Game Technologies Some more words to describe something in the process of just beginning: budding developing growing embryonic incipient young fledgling evolving dawning burgeoning Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)While vs. Whilst

The Changing Faces of Present and Presentation

The Changing Faces of Present and Presentation The Changing Faces of Present and Presentation The Changing Faces of Present and Presentation By Maeve Maddox Present belongs to a group of English words that, with a shift in pronunciation, may be either noun or verb. present [prÄ•zÉ™nt] n. (accent on the first syllable) a gift present [prÄ ­-zÄ•nt] v. (accent on the second syllable) to introduce, to give an award In an article about the 2009 Academy Awards, I noticed a third use of present that may be in the process of entering the language: Best Present: Copresenters Steve Martin and Tina Fey, whove been funny together on TV and film, delivered a hilarious tribute to writers that made us want to see them make another movie together. Erik Pedersen, E! Online Here Pedersen is using present as a shortened form of presentation. In the way of the web, Pedersens words have been copied by numerous bloggers and it may only be a matter of time before we hear present [prÄ“zÄ•nt] for presentation the way we hear invite [Ä ­n-vÄ «t] in place of invitation. presentation [prÄ•zÉ™n-tÄ shÉ™n] n. the act of presenting A presentation can be a gift, or it can be something like a lecture or a slide presentation. Evidence that the cropped form present for presentation may have already caught on with some users appears in these headlines used to introduce slide shows on the web: OM slide Present SHN Membership Slide Present 2006 In looking for examples of this new, unlovely use of present, I came across a (to me) new use of presentation. When used on a wedding invitation, the expression presentation preferred, means forget the gifts, we want cash. This comment from a wedding forum shows that not eveyone is comfortable with this use of presentation: My soon-to-be mother in-law is really against presentation, but its our wedding, not hers ! I guess when we showed her the sample of the invite, she didnt notice the presentation on it. Ah, the accelerate of linguistic change! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Human resource management - Essay Example Trade unions were primarily initiated in Europe rather it became popular in many other countries during industrial revolution. Moreover, a trade union may be of varied forms such as house union, company union, general union, industrial union and craft union among others (BIS, n.d.). The trade unions of the United Kingdom were initially decriminalised beneath the suggestion of the ‘Royal Commission’ in the year 1867. It approved that the establishment of these trade unions is for the benefit of both employers and workers. Development of trade unions is to promote the rights and visions of the labours in order to offer them a good living standard along with wage. Trade union maovement is a planned and controlled attempt of the workers of an organization to augment their living status and remuneration with the help of collective activities along with leaders and management. It is a type of socio-economic reform of the living conditions for the workers of British industries. Along with the fundamental rights of the labours against the management, the trade union movements are also attempted to locate requisite leaders, who might represent the labour commitee in the near future. Thus, from the above discussion, it is apprent that labour or trade unions play an important role in resolving the conflicts in between the employers and employees (Centrepiece, 2005). The report mainly highlights the benefits and the influences of trade unions on the labours or workers working in the industries of the United Kingdom. Along with this, it also specifies the human resource aspects and the current market trends of trade unions. Apart from these, the paper also includes the various strategies which should be implemented by UNITE trade union in order to attract increased memebership towards it, thereby enhancing its image among others in the

GBST Reading Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GBST Reading Summary - Assignment Example In Amoral Familism, corruption is an aspect involving particularism, wherein providing resources, one believes it is only to those that the person feels obligated to (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), with nepotism as its most expressed form. Majorities of market forms are established on universalism and not particularism; hence, corruption does not sustain such market values. Similarly, corruption is equally attributed to religion and culture, based on the perspective that certain cultural and religious settings influence the occurrences of corruption. For example, from social science consensus, it is evident that religion is a significant determinant of varied secular cultures such as protestant-dominated environments having an increase in corruption compared to those with least domination of Protestants (Umphlett, 1985). Such a point of view is because protectants in contrast to other Christianity denominations believe that the ability to avoid sin is a personal issue, and each has the ability of so doing. The link between Protestants and corruption goes a long way to affect the economic developments of such areas. Considerably, the relationship between Protestantism and perceptions of corruption indicate that such a relationship enhances in the control of per capita income. Such an indication shows that higher corruption-prone areas influences higher economic development of the individuals participating in the corrupt dealings (Harrison and Huntington, 2013), according to the article â€Å"Religion, Culture (Kent, 2008), and Corruption.† In the contrary to â€Å"Amoral Familism,† ties that are most important and significant are those between families, as in a mother and her child. It is considered that such close ties, are the ones most responsible for influencing corruption through elements such as nepotism, and not ties of the

The Operation Of British Petroleum Commerce Essay

The Operation Of British Petroleum Commerce Essay This project examines the operation of British Petroleum (BP) in the light of established international business theories. Two major aspects are considered; Globalisation strategy and corporate social responsibility ethics. Although certain failings are highlighted BP is assessed to perform optimally on both counts. A conclusion is drawn and certain recommendations with respect to the style of research are made in the final section. Report Contents The report assesses the operations of British Petroleum to establish to which degree the operations of BP are in line with related management theory. The project starts with a brief introduction on the business of BP. This sets a stage and develops a context for further discussion. The second section discusses the research method adopted in the preparation of this project. Several methods are explored and the most feasible selected as the method of choice. The third section looks at BPs operations in two respects; international trade and globalisation strategy, and corporate responsibility and ethics. The final section of the project is a conclusion that summarises the main themes highlighted in the work, noting its achievements and limitations and sets the stage for future research. At this stage some recommendations are also made. Introduction British Petroleum (BP) is a global Oil and Gas company with its headquarters in the UK. It is one of the worlds largest businesses by virtue of its revenues. On is corporate website, it terms its self as one of the worlds largest companies, providing its customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemical products for everyday items. As of its financial year end 2009, it owned 22400 service stations around the globe, it owned operations in 30 countries around the world, it employed 80,300 people in different countries, it owned 16 refineries around the world (with the biggest in Houston Texas), it produces 2.3 million barrels per day and owned oil reserves of about 18.3 Billion barrels (BP web 2010) Research Methods This project aims to assess the operations of BP. It takes into focus two major issues in global business and strategy; International trade globalisation strategy and ethics including aspects of corporate social responsibility. The management literature proposes several qualitative research methodologies (Bryman, 2004). These methodologies include; surveys, questionnaires, case studies, focus groups, experiments and interviews (Bryman, 2004). Pursuant to the aims of this project, a case study approach is employed in which I consult several documents which discuss management theory (detailed in Hill, 2009) and I examine how their application in practice basing on the case of British Petroleum. I use the BP website as a core source to derive information for this purpose. Given the lack of resources, other research methods such as interviews, questionnaires and focus groups are impractical. The next section details the operations of BP and the related theoretical underpinnings. British Petroleums globalisation strategy Globalisation refers to the current trend where the world is becoming a global village by effectively inter-knitting, national boundaries are being relaxed and countries are increasingly dependent on each other for survival. Globalisation presents significant opportunities to businesses as well as challenges. Firms that can cope with the trend enjoy larger markets, cheaper resources and therefore higher profitability. Firms that are unable to compete efficiently are faced out. As highlighted above BP is a global company with a highly acclaimed globalisation strategy. The success of this strategy could be attributed several (three main) factors as discussed below. First-mover advantage The history of BP can be traced back to the establishment of the Anglo Persian Oil Company, a subsidiary of the Burmah Oil Company in 1909. This firm explored the Persian golf for many years and was converted to the British Petroleum company after the Second World War. Scanty reports show that the firm expanded tremendously by 1960 developing its operations beyond the Persian golf into North America. Most importantly it established a significant presence in the North Sea by being the first company to find Oil in Alaska (BP web, 2010). The above indicates the length to which BP has gone to establish itself as one of the worlds biggest and most successful companies. New Trade theory suggests that first movers can benefit enormously from certain economic and strategic advantages in terms of operations. The theory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial portion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale based cost advantage that later entrants find almost impossible to match (Hill, 2009. p 187). First mover advantage can potentially explain the structure of the Oil and Gas industry. The industry is made up of few big players and many small players in the Western world where competition is free. In other countries such as Kuwait, Saudi, Russia, China, Iraq and Qatar competition in the industry is restricted and the major oil exploiters are government owned. BP has established itself in most of the western world due to its first mover advantage. It is able to cut costs in its operations and derive benefits from economies of scale and scope. Many firms can compete effectively in Oil exploitation, exploration, extraction and refining, and therefore they turn to engage in the provision of support services such as distribution or the derivation of chemicals for other manufacturing industries. Competitive advantage Porters findings on national competitive advantage can be extended to understand why BP locates in the regions it does. BP is a global firm but has operations at varying degrees in about 30 different countries world wide (BP web, 2010). Despite operating significantly in 30 countries, its products and services are available in over 100 countries (BP web, 2010). Porters diamond asserts that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and supporting industries and domestic rivalry (Hill, 2009. p 191). Hill (2009) argues that based porters theory a profit seeking firm should localize its operations in those countries where such activities can be performed optimally. BP operates in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America. In Africa, it operates in Joint Ventures with firms in Egypt, Angola and Algeria. Its choice to operate only in join ventures in this country can be explained by the political economy of these countries. These countries cannot be termed as full democracies and are often susceptible to civil crisis. Operating as a joint venture, curbs the firms risk in the event of a political crisis but allows it to enjoy the revenues to be derived from its operations. It also has a huge presence in the Southern regions of Africa but in these regions it engages more with the marketing of its solar energy concepts. This region is rich in natural resources (sunshine) but the development of energy networks is very poor. The countries in this region rely heavily on hydroelectricity which is usually not sufficient to provide for industries and households. BP also operates as joint ventures in Asia with operations in Pakistan, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, South Korea and Malaysia. It manufactures lubricants and solar panels in China and India where labour is cheap. BP does not explore petroleum in Australasia. Its operations in this region are geared towards the provision of solar energy. BP operates as a stand alone entity in much of Europe. Its operations in Russia are partly owned (joint venture) by a Russian company. It has major exploration and production facilities in Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and Columbia. These regions are rich in natural gas and oil necessitating BPs localisation to the areas. Products Hill (2009) noted that Raymond Vernon developed the product lifecycle theory after his realisation that firms had to keep innovating in order to maintain a demand for their products and ensure growth in revenues. The theory can be used to explain the globalisation trends, innovation drive and product mix of British Petroleum. BP currently produces a wide range of energy products including oil, natural gas, wind energy, solar energy, bio fuels and petroleum based lubricants. Two decades ago, its primary product was Oil. Research and development in the industry has led to the introduction of cleaner and more sustainable forms of energy. These forms of energy are widely regarded as the future of the Oil and Gas industry. Speculators believe that at some point in time oil will be faced out as coal was faced out with the discovery of oil. BP has realised the fact that oil as a product has reached its maturity stage and its demand might diminish with the advent of new forms of energy. The firm has taken a colossal position in the new energy market by running a major portfolio of energy products representing the mix of all bespoke and innovative new forms of energy. Unlike televisions for example, Oil cannot be re-engineered and further developed. Innovation by modification is therefore difficult. BP has turned the focus on energy efficiency i.e. researching and developing ways in which energy can be saved. Instead of devising faster or stronger energy which might be impossible BP has turned the focus to the development of equipment and usage techniques that will save energy through low consumption. This encompasses innovation that fuels the demand for its products. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility As Hill (2009) emphasized ethical issues in international business are brought about by political, legal, economic and cultural differences in between countries- what is considered normal practice in one country might be considered unethical in another (p. 124). The ethical challenge, I will argue, is significantly increased for global firms. BP for example operates in all the different continents of the world. In keeping with Hills argument ethics is relative and context dependent. In certain countries, it is ethical to employ young people. In the UK, all employees must be above the legal age of 18 to gain full employment. The legal age changes significantly between countries varying from 16 to 21. Most multi national firms deal with this challenge by devising a set of corporate values which govern their operations in all regions. BP web (2010) argues that the company is driven by four major values; progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven. In terms of being responsible, BP asserts that We are committed to the safety and development of our people and the communities and societies in which we operate. We aim for no accidents, no harm to people and no damage to the environment. This commitment can be seen in the fact that BP reporting covers all aspects beyond financial reporting including health, safety, human rights, environment and energy. BP is at the forefront of the cleaner energy debate. It does its bit by engaging in energy saving initiatives and constantly researching on cleaner ways in which energy can be produced and delivered. It has diversified strongly into the green energy industry engaging in the production of liquefied petroleum gas, fossil fuels and renewable energy. A major part of corporate ethics that has been pervasive in the management literature in recent years is corporate social responsibility. Hill (2009) argues that multinational corporations such as BP have power that comes from their operations and their ability to move production from country to country. Considering for an instance the revenues generated by BP annually, I find that the corporations revenues is higher than the GDP of many countries. Social responsibility advocates that managers should consider more than just the economic consequences of their decisions (hill, 2009). More importantly, importance should be placed on the social consequences of decision making. The European commission defines corporate social responsibility as A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (EC website, 2010). It basically refers to the companys interactions with its surrounding communities and looks at how the company strives to promote development and social cohesion and participates in maintaining the environment within such communities. A firms community is a major stakeholder of the firm and thus needs to be considered. BPs financial reporting incorporates major aspects such as its social responsibility, its strive for cleaner energy, its contributions towards preserving the environment and its strive to improve sustainable extraction of energy. Communities take corporate social responsibilities seriously especially when it comes to Oil and Gas firms. This is largely as a result of the potential dangers that can arise from their operations with these communities. Recent crises have ranged from large explosions with severe casualties to major spillages with the destruction of flora and fauna. -A review of the BP 2010 Oil spill crisis BP faced a deep water horizon drilling rig explosion which killed 11 of its off shore workers and injured 17 other workers. The rig gushed out over 5 million barrels of crude oil into the Mexican Golf between April and July 2010. The spill was catastrophic and so were its effect on wild life, the fishing industry, the tourism sector and the surrounding neighbourhoods. In response to this BP set up a crisis management program. It publicly apologized for the distress it caused and undertook to foot the clean up costs. The company has currently set up a $20 Billion dollar fund to manage the after-effects of the crisis. During the crisis, BP showed effort employing several techniques to attempt to stop the leakage. It also arranged a compensation plan for those affected by the crisis. This attests to the fact that BP takes its corporate social responsibility and ethics very strongly. Hill (2009) also notes the social contributions or social investments of BP in Algeria. Hill notes that BP realised its communities in Algeria lacked clean drinking water and created two desalination plants to produce clean what for the public. To add to this, the company provided water cans to help residents transport water from plants to their homes. Conclusions Summary of findings This study has examined the operations of BP in the global context to see how certain management concepts are applied in practice. Two aspects; globalisation strategy and corporate social responsibility were reviewed. BP is found to have a sophisticated globalisation strategy which it has fortified over the years. This helps it to compete efficiently and to remain one the worlds leading corporations. Again, BP is found to have a robust stance towards corporate social responsibility and ethics. Its industry is hazardous and it is pruned to corporate disasters such as spills and explosions. BP has managed to keep these to a minimum and when they do occur, BP has taken necessary steps to manage the crisis and limit the damage Limitations This work is limited in the fact that it strongly relies on public information sources to assess the operations of BP. Several aspects could have been better scrutinized and invaluable insights drawn through other research methods such as interviews with key workers and focus groups to draw varied opinion. Due to the limitations in space (number of words) the aspects discussed can not be reviewed in greater detail. Future research Recommendations This research has examined BPs operations in light of established theory but has not confirmed if such a method of operation is optimal. It might be interesting to investigate whether the product strategy, globalisation strategy or their approach to ethics and corporate social responsibility affect their performance or contributes significantly towards the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. The limitations highlighted above also provide avenues for future research into the area. Several theories have been propounded in the management literature. Their understanding will only be facilitated by examining how these theories are applied in practice or by investigating the contributions of such theories to management practice. In light of this argument, this form of study is encouraged.

Living at Home Versus Living in an Apartment Essay

People do not realize how different living at home and living in an apartment is until they compare the two. Other people don’t realize it until they are actually out on their own. There are many differences when a person is living at home compared to living in an apartment. In this essay we will look at the differences of the two. One difference between living at home and living in an apartment is how the bills get paid. When living at home parents or whoever the person lives with pays all the bills and buys all the food. Even if the person has to pay for anything while living at home, I’m sure it is just a small portion of what all the bills come out to be. When living in an apartment the person has to pay their own bills and buy your own food. This means that they have to find somewhere that is affordable for them. Some apartments have bills like electricity, water, and sewer/garbage included in the rent. If the person needs help buying food they have a program out there that they can sign up for food stamps at the local social services office. They also have places that have food pantries that gives people a food basket. Some towns also have a place for people to go and eat like the Salvation Army or a church. This is one major difference of living at home versus living in an apartment. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is making sure the person has everything they need. When living at home with the person’s parents or whoever they live with, they already have or have bought all the necessities that they will need for a place like furniture, pots and pans, cleaning supplies, stuff for hygiene, etc. When a person is living in an apartment they have to buy everything that they are going to need for the apartment. That means that the person has to go out and buy their own furniture and everything else that they want for their place. A person can watch for garage sales or even go check out some thrift stores. The Salvation Army gives a person a voucher to go to their store and get some stuff for their new place if they have it in stock. They even help out with furniture to. Some stuff the person will probably want brand new like their silverware and dishes. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is all about how clean the place is. When someone lives at home or with whomever they live with they usually want their place nice and clean. They want everyone that lives there to help with the cleaning and to maintain a clean home. When a person lives in an apartment they are the one that decides when to clean the place. Also they are the one to decide how clean they want their place and if they are going to try and maintain a clean place. Some people like their house spotless while others don’t really care if their place is clean or not. Maintaining a clean home means a lot to others when they come over to visit. The final difference between living at home and living in an apartment is being independent. When a person is living at home they have rules to follow. Some rules may be easy to follow like cleaning up after oneself, help with the cooking, and maintain a job or go to school. Other rules may be harder to follow like if the person has a certain time to be home and if certain people that they hang out with are not allowed to be at the person’s house they are staying at because they don’t like or get along with them. When a person is living in an apartment they are on their own. They are the one that picks the rules. When living in an apartment a person can come and go as they please. Also they can do whatever they want. Just be careful when living in a person’s own apartment because some people go crazy and have all kinds of parties. If the neighbors call the cops the landlord has a right to evict them. If they get evicted it makes it hard for them to get an apartment the next time they are looking for one. In conclusion, everybody now has some of the differences between living at home and living in an apartment. It’s all up to them to decide if they want to stay living at home or move into an apartment. Everybody has their own way of thinking and choosing what they want to do. If they want to move into an apartment a person could keep an eye out for stuff they will need so they will have it by the time they move.

A Review of Proposal Essay Topics for College Students

A Review of Proposal Essay Topics for College Students Get the Scoop on Proposal Essay Topics for College Students Before You're Too Late Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. Whichever problem solution topic you select, you'll be able to produce every reader interested, raise some critical questions, and talk about the issues of urgent importance. Until you get a detailed and very clear comprehension of the various concepts you won't able to answer the majority of the questions in the true test. Characteristics of Proposal Essay Topics for College Students Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. Students can also locate some research based topics on food in the particular list below. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. Researching and picking an intriguing topic is the most important point of writing an essay. Furthermore, once you take a look at the answers it looks easy however that's not correct. Deciding upon a topic is an essential issue that partly estimates final success of the job. The very best topic for an essay is the one that you want to know more about, because if you want topic you're able to research it well and make a very good conclusion. Professional writers just want to use the very best research materials for their work. Qualitative design is going to be utilised as it will permit the experience of more complex facets of people been studied. Now you have lots of topics covering a number of fields to pick the very best one for you. The best method to undergo expert certification training is classroom training. What You Must Know About Proposal Essay Topics for College Students In addition, you're going to be required to compose an essay which will be discussed while the Oxbridge style tutorial will occur. You will probably be requested to format your essay proposalin a certain sort of format. You may have to use a particular format for your student undertaking. As you start to learn about the essay writing process it's important to provide time to your writing. You will surely get an accessibility to a valuable bit of writing. Keep a Journal Another manner that you're able to enhance your writing is to maintain a journal. An excellent way to begin a college essay writing is to write about something or somebody you admire. Not everybody can write the very best essay and should you don't have enough time to do the suitable quantity of research and compose the paper within the deadline, you might find yourself struggling and stressing out. The first thing which you've got to do whenever you are going to get started working on your paper is to write up a proposal. It is very important to mention that the idea doesn't need to be a good one. Plan of action here, your task is to explain how you intend to attain the proposal. Think of some helpful points, proposals, and argumentation, which could help determine the reader, help them understand the issue, and inspire them to try to repair it. You need to know how to compose a strong statement that may be proven with good evidence. Before writing your proposal you should do the next things. As soon as your proposal becomes accepted, it is possible to then go right ahead and compose the complete paper. Proposal Essay Topics for College Students Features You may write a very simple essay on the proper age to vote or appropriate age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. A class in civil law and greater education rights is essential. The teenagers will further be assured they will stay anonymous. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also helpful for a range of distinct disciplines. If you're serious about getting free money for school, you should do everything only to make your scholarship letter perfect. On our site you'll find a lot more useful special information that is certain to be helpful for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. You ought to be able to convince the reader that you're the absolute most deserving student to obtain the scholarship.

How to Use Quand, Lorsque, Lors de, and Pendant

Time doesnt have to be a point on a clock or any other exact measure. It can be a moment or a duration, simultaneous actions or repeated actions, and every discrete difference in between. Thats what the following analysis of these time-related expressions is all about. Were going to look at  the differences between the conjunctions quand and lorsque, the similar-looking expressions lorsque  (conjunction) and lors de  (a preposition), and the temporal prepositions lors de and pendant. This may sound like a mouthful, but its actually pretty straightforward once you know the story behind these words to see how theyre utilized. Here are explanations and examples to help you use all of these correctly in French sentences. Quand versus  Lorsque The conjunctions quand and lorsque both mean when. They are interchangeable when they indicate a simple correlation in time, although lorsque is a bit more formal. However, quand and lorsque each have unique, non-interchangeable meanings as well. Quand (When) 1.  Temporal correlation (interchangeable with lorsque) Je marchais quand tu mas tà ©là ©phonà ©.   I was walking when you called me.Quand je tai vu, javais peur.   When I saw you, I was afraid.Je te verrai demain quand jarriverai.* I will see you tomorrow when I arrive. 2.  Repetition correlation (meaning chaque fois que) Quand il est là  , elle ne parle pas.   When(ever) he is there, she doesnt speak.Quand il sera là  , elle ne parlera pas.*   When(ever) he is there, she wont speak. 3.  Quand as  interrogative adverb Quand vas-tu arriver?   When are you going to arrive?Je ne sais pas quand il reviendra.   I dont know when he will return. Lorsque (When) When the action that follows  lorsque  or  quand  has not yet occurred, the subsequent  French verb must be in the  future  tense, whereas in English the present tense is used. 1.  Temporal correlation (interchangeable with quand) Je marchais lorsque tu mas tà ©là ©phonà ©.   I was walking when you called me.Lorsque je tai vu, javais peur.   When I saw you, I was afraid.Je te verrai demain lorsque jarriverai.   I will see you tomorrow when I arrive. 2.  Simultaneous opposition (meaning alors que or tandis que) Jai crià © lorsquil a fallu courir.   I screamed when / whereas I should have run.Je crierai lorsquil faudra courir.   Ill scream, when / whereas I should run. Lorsque versus Lors de (During, At the Time of) Lorsque and lors de may look similar, but thats all they have in common. Lorsque  is a conjunction. Meanwhile,  lors de is a preposition  used to provide the background for another action; it means at the time of or during. Lors de son anniversaire, elle à ©tait contente.   At the time of her birthday, she was happy.Je suis arrivà © lors du mariage.   I arrived during the wedding. Lors de versus Pendant (During) Be careful not to confuse the prepositions  lors de and pendant. They can both be translated by during, but lors de refers to a single moment in time, while pendant indicates a duration of time. Il à ©tait content lors de son sà ©jour.   He was happy (at some point) during his stay.Il à ©tait content pendant son sà ©jour.   He was happy during his (entire) stay.Il à ©tait content lors de son anniversaire.   He was happy (for a moment) on his birthday.Il à ©tait content pendant son anniversaire. He was happy during his (entire) birthday.Il a travaillà © lors des trois dernià ¨res annà ©es.   He worked (at some point) during the last three years.Il a travaillà © pendant les trois dernià ¨res annà ©es. He has worked (throughout) the last three years.