Taking a Look at Parkinsons Disease - 1450 Words

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is the most common movement disorder; its characteristics are loss of muscle control, stiffness, slowness, shaking, and impaired balance. My grandmother had Parkinson’s very bad and she couldn’t walk anymore or hardly talk, it’s very sad because they are just unable to do anything. Muhammad Ali is one of the best boxers of all time and now he also suffers from Parkinson’s; he also has all of these symptoms and is hardly able to talk. As symptoms worsen is when you see that one may not be able to walk, or talk. Over one million people in the United States suffer from this disease, and about five million worldwide. The disease was named after James Parkinson who described this disease as â€Å"shaking palsy.† The cause of Parkinson’s is unknown, but there are several things that may be factors. It has long been said that the main factors are genetics and environmental factors, although there isn’t really any direct evidence for this. There are five genes that are linked with Parkinson’s, SNCA, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, and LRRK2. About 15 percent of individuals with this disease also have family members with the disease. The five genes listed were the ones scientists identified and that are associated with the disease. Aside from genetics there also can be environmental toxins that may increase the risk of Parkinson’s, but this isn’t until later down the road. The risk of getting the disease from toxins is pretty small, and isn’t a mainShow MoreRelatedThe Speech On Parkinson s Disease Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesPresident is very important to American society; Parkinson’s inhibits a person from completing daily or strenuous tasks. The video in question argues that Hillary Clinton is in the 1/100 percentile that has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that affects the movement of the body. Parkinson’s is caused by nerve cell damage in the brain, where brain cells are gradually breaking down and dying. This disease begins at a low rate; this stage is shown throughRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinso n s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreComparison Of Parkinsons Alley By Christopher Hitchens And Parkinsons Disease1203 Words   |  5 Pagesworld look like if there was no such thing as an illness? Thousands of people each and every day would be saved. Illnesses destroy families all across the globe. In the articles â€Å"Parkinson’s Alley† by Joy Horowitz, and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens, the authors explain the fact that the causes for cancer and Parkinson’s di sease are not proven to be known. Joy Horowitz also points out; more and more research is being done each day to better the understanding of these terrible diseases. AlthoughRead MoreClinical Reasoning Of Parkinson s Disease1732 Words   |  7 Pagesby the nurses taking 8 steps: look, collect, process, decide, plan, act, evaluate and reflect which will help to support them on judgments and decisions made in health care. Parkinson’s disease is known as one of the neurogenerative diseases which mostly occurs in people older than 60 years. According to a research of Lynn (2012), it is related to the fall of dopamine levels in either side of the brain-stem, in the brain’s lower region. Symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease will appear whenRead MorePhysical Therapy And Parkinson s Disease1114 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion is does Physical Therapy help to slow or even stop the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? I found different sources of information to find an answer to this question. Although I found it doesn’t slow the development of or stop Parkinson’s Disease it was still helpful to learn new things about the use of Physical Therapy in a new way because that is the field I hope to go into. PHYSICAL THERAPY AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE: IS THIS HELPFUL? Introduction: Physical Therapy is a very helpful thing toRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease has been known about since ancient times. In AD 175, the physician Galen described it as â€Å"shaking palsy† in Western medical literature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performedRead MoreEarly Onset Parkinson s Disease Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is an in depth examination of a family and their experiences involving a loved ones, further referred to as R.M., diagnosis with early onset Parkinson’s disease. The information for this paper was gathered through three unstructured interviews, with three different family members, taken independently over several days. These interviews revealed the family’s developmental life cycle stage over many years, the illness narratives from three different perspectives, and the effects of thisRead MoreDiagnosis To arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the disease is a hideous task both for the doctor1700 Words   |  7 PagesDiagnosis To arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the disease is a hideous task both for the doctor as well as family members. Patient should be accompanied with a reliable person while visiting doctor. There are various stages of Parkinsons disease and its severity of symptoms vary from patient to patient. One of the most popular test that measure range of mobility is Hoehn and Yahr Staging of Parkinsons Disease that gives scale ranking of symptoms from 0-5. Number increases with increased severityRead MoreBenefits of Fasting802 Words   |  4 Pagesfasting is fasting can improve one’s physical health. According to Allan Cott, M.D an expert from the United States, fasting can help people look and feel younger. This is because fasting helps in detoxification to removes waste, toxins or poisons from the body, rejuvenate the body’s cells and replace cells that have been damaged with the new ones to make the skin look younger. Besides , fasting can improve the function of hormones, making the skin healthier and decrease the aging of the skin (M.ElsonRead MoreA Look At Non Alzheimer s Disease1684 Words   |  7 PagesA Look At Non-Alzheimer’s Disease Dementias By Katie Bergstrom, PA-S ABSTRACT: The most common tendency in assessing patients who display signs of dementia is to evaluate them for Alzheimer’s Disease. This means that Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia are conversely overlooked as possible diagnoses. Special attention to clinical presentation and the use of diagnostic tests (such as the MRI) and assessment scales (like the Mini Mental State Exam) aid in

Police History Free Essays

Police History Matthew Rico GJA/214 April 15, 2013 Damien Torres Police History Sir Robert Peel British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel is responsible for the development of the modern concept of the policing system in the 1800s. The first American police officers deployed on foot with no special training, tactics, policies or procedures, and had minimal education. American policing is a direct reflection of English heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peel and some of the greatest minds of the 1800s developed the Metropolitan Police Act that passed by Parliament in 1829. The Police Act heard scrutiny and criticism. â€Å"The uniformed constables embodied a new style of policing in contrast to the small and disorganized parish forces of the 18th century† (Police, Prisons, And Penal Reform,  2013). ? Peel feared an autocratic society and developed nine policing principles for the London police. Peel’s principles consisted of clear directive, and ensured Parliament the London Metropolitan Police Force meant to protect the public cruel and overwhelming characteristics of the military. Nevertheless, Parliament feared the possible threat of a military like police force may have over society, and passed the act. Parliament mandated the Metropolitan Police under high discipline, standards, and conduct. Avoiding misconduct and dishonesty the police used techniques such as employing individual’s form outside the city. Peel’s nine principles along with severe scrutiny established democratic and effective policing structure observed today. The American policing originally started with similarities as the British using only two of nine policing principles: military structure and beat patrol. American policing system primary objective’s were preventive patrol and deter criminal activity, whereas British policing system focused on clear established goals set by Peel, such as preventing crimes. American state, county, and local policing systems did not have objectives and guidelines for officers to follow. This made American police corrupt, brutal, caused politician autocracy, and received attacks from the public. Politicians employed individuals as police officers who backed them, irrespective of education, experience, and qualifications to preserve their own power. Officer’s enforced laws politicians passed for personal gain. It was common for newly elected politicians to dismiss an entire police force and re-hire individuals who supported his political campaign. Joining police agencies and politicians resulted in brutality and dishonesty to reach political objectives. In the 1900s a call for reorganization and elimination of political control in the policing system, known as the reform agenda. Police were considered public servants with a proficient duty to serve on a nonpartisan foundation. Today’s American police implement Peel’s nine founding principles with some modifications and additions. American policing still reinventing, has recognized the accomplishments of the British policing system through principles created by Peel. U. S. Government and Policing Organizations Police of the United States consist of federal and state. State level consists of three levels of police: Local, County, and State Police. Highway Patrol and State Police have jurisdiction through their entire state. Patrol areas mainly consist of state highways and Government Buildings. County Sheriffs operate county jails, and patrol areas not within city limits. County Sheriffs are sometimes contracted to serve cities as local police. City Police Patrol areas within their city limits. According to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nypd Mission†Ã‚  (2013), â€Å"The MISSION of the New York City Police Department is to enhance the quality of life in our City by working in partnership with the community and in accordance with constitutional rights to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, and provide for a safe environment† (para. 1). Federal Level Police include organizations such as Federal Bureau of Investigations, Drug Enforcement Administration, Secret Service, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Federal Police get their authority from the U. S. Constitution that safeguards Congress’ authority to control taxes and regional commerce. For example the Drug Enforcement Administration enforce laws on materials that have a ban. Police Practice and Government Relationship Each state is independent over their land and is different in respects to their Penal Codes. Federal organizations are regulated by Congress and seek national criminals and Tax linked laws. No state can create laws that fringe on the federal government according to the Constitution. The Constitution also controls the federal governments power over the states. The government may pass laws and often set guidelines for police agencies. Basically the government guides police agencies in a direction in which they believe the policing should be going. References NYPD Mission. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. nyc. gov/html/nypd/html/administration/mission. shtml Police, Prisons, and Penal Reform. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. parliament. uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/metropolitanpolice/Sir How to cite Police History, Papers Police History Free Essays History of Police John C. Dale CJA214 10-06-2012 James Ward History of Police If one were to ask, anybody in today’s society there would be an overwhelming consensus that police are necessary and a very valuable to keeping individuals and property safe from the criminal element. The earliest known police forces were in ancient China. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The persons assigned to this duty were known as prefects and carried out their duty from 771-476 B. C†¦ The prefecture system developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were dispersed and traveled across the state, with each individual having limited authority and employment period. There were different levels of prefects with different levels of authority. In Ancient China, prefects worked for the government as officials appointed by local judges. The judges who appointed prefects reported to higher authorities such as governors, the emperor of the dynasty then appointed the governors. The prefects oversaw the civil administration of their â€Å"prefecture†, or jurisdiction. Another earliest form of police forces were in the Roman Empire’s military. In most of the Empire, the Army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to provide some extra security around 63 B. C. -1480 A. D.. Local judges known as procurators fiscal and quaestors were called in to investigate crimes. The Emperor Augustus created 14 â€Å"wards† the wards were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men called vigiles, whose main duty was to act as firemen and night watchmen. Other duties were apprehend thieves, robbers and runaway slaves (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Police). The first formal police agency has English roots and was started in Britain around 1200. From this earliest known formal police agency a term known as â€Å"comes stabuli† derived the first constable and sheriff. It was the constable’s job to hold a particular office, most commonly in the law enforcement division. The office of c onstable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions, with each jurisdiction giving a different rank and limitation of power. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Within this new formal police agency the roles of bailiff, a person who watches over the prisoners, and watchmen, a person who watches over and protects property, assets, or people were established. The Statute of Winchester in 1285 brought about the British codification of police practices; this helped greatly to form a unified police society. In the 1736 a high tax on Gin was enacted which led to extreme rioting in the streets known today as the Gin Riots. Due to this extreme outcry from the public the 18th and 19th century saw the modern police forces as we most commonly recognize them today created. In 1829, Sir Robert Peel formed what is known as London’s new police, the world’s first modern police. Bobbies were metropolitan police member’s and the belief of this agency was to discourage crimes, and preventative patrolling of the streets specifically looking for crimes that were in the act or getting criminals off the street. These new police were known to walk a â€Å"beat† a specific area under their watch that they were in charge of maintaining order and reducing crimes through prevention. Under Sir Robert Peel, the first total uniformed police forces were established wish highly resembled a military organization. As the immigrates transitioned over to America, this type of patrolling was adopted thus leading us to the colonial period of policing. In colonial America during the 1630’s early colonists followed the English style of policing. Watch and Ward systems were established that required the duties of everyone who wanted to act as a law enforcer but offered no pay or training. Everyone looked out for each other and monitored the behaviors of others. The focus of the watches and wards was more centered around moral and civil obligations, not criminal. In colonial America when a rich person did not want to do their fair share of the duties, they would simply pay someone to do it for them. Philadelphia was the first large city to pay offers starting in 1658, the officers of each city were expected to solve their own crimes, and the Federal Bureau of Investigations was a long time away. In frontier America, the new lawmen had left their cultures behind and had to deal with new and unusual cultures in the West, including unknown and inhospitable Indian territories. U. S. Marshals enforced federal law only. These men had no training or pay and they were strictly volunteer. Due to the new cultures, the inhospitable landscapes and Indian tribes these volunteer marshals faced many adversities. During the gold rush of the 1840’s the earliest mining camps were extremely dangerous places, order and law was needed to the Vigilante Committee became the first organized justice system in these towns. Police in contemporary society are known as COPPS (community oriented policing and problem solving). These men and women are primarily employed to reduce crime; secondly, the other goal of COPPS is to identify community needs such as individuals in distress etc. Talking to citizens on the streets and participating in programs such as D. A. R. E (drug abuse resistance and education). With modern day law enforcement being regulated by two different entities, the U. S. Federal government and the local or state agencies there can be a conflict of interests. The main duties of the local and state police forces are to respond to calls, provide backup, help local and federal detectives to secure a crime scene, aid individuals who are in distress and are expected to be the first responders. The role of the government law enforcement is to oversee the larger picture of securing the nation as a whole. This includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigate broad national crimes and will come to the aid of major cases involving local state authorities. This relationship affects modern police practices by helping to share information between two agencies that can learn valuable aspects of policing from each other. Conflict may arise by some of the different practices being rejected by a particular law enforcement force but in my opinion, the role between the two entities is more beneficial than detrimental and helps us to live in a modern society that has effective police forces. References 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Police Reference Wikipedia. (2012). Police. Retrieved from http://http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Police How to cite Police History, Papers Police History Free Essays Teresa Kohl Ever wondered where policing came from? In this paper we are going to explore the history of policing and how it developed in America from the beginning. At the same time we are going to explore the deferent policing styles used In America through out history. After we will then look at the role of police In modern times In America. We will write a custom essay sample on Police History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Historical Development of Policing and Styles Most know that America adopted its original policing styles from Great Britain, engendering our ancestors all came from their before colonizing over here. When the first Europeans landed on the shores they had to protect themselves and others from the people that did not want them here. All men and able bodied young boys were in charge of policing up the area. Once everything settled down and everything started to get more situated Into more organized towns. The Justice of the Peace was created to protect the colonies and keep order. Criminals were usually put in stocks in the middle of town to pay their sentence to society. Eventually towns were growing to much and turning into cities where Justice of the peace would Just not work anymore. In 1636 the city of Boston established Night Watch, which idea worked reasonably well as long as the area remained a rural and agrarian one† (Sabbath, n. D. ). You could say that the night watch was a communal and Informal way of policing, Volunteers were In charge of walking the streets and watching for fires or any crimes being committed. When a fire or crime was committed the night watchmen would shout out odd to where the locals would wake up and hopefully take care of the â€Å"problem†. Since the night watch was mostly made of volunteers it usually would have men that sleep or drink while on watch, which would obviously make it to where it would not work. The cities would also use night watch as a punishment for people trying to avoid the military or as a sentence for a crime. Not until 1833 was a day watch implemented which carried out the same tasks as the night watch except â€Å"Augmenting the watch system was a system of constables, official law enforcement officers, usually paid by the fee system for warrants they served. Constables had a variety of non-law enforcement functions to perform as well, including serving as land surveyors and verifying the accuracy of weights and measures. In many cities constables were given the responsibility of supervising the satellites of the night force†¦ † (Potter, 2013). These first police forces were made up of full time employees rather than volunteers or people voluntary to watch the streets. By having a set police force cities were then able to set up rules and enforce them. Each established police force was also able to establish and implement its own standard operating systems rather than have everyone do their own thing. The departments also had to answer to higher government agencies rather than Just them selves. Police in Modern Society Police today have a lot more responsibilities than most people realize. Police are not only in charge of keeping order and serving and protecting the people. They are now in charge of protecting against terrorism, and extremists. How to cite Police History, Papers

It Is A Common Belief That The Decline Of Fatherhood Is One Of The Mos Essay Example For Students

It Is A Common Belief That The Decline Of Fatherhood Is One Of The Mos Essay It is a common belief that the decline of fatherhood is one of the most basic, unexpected, and extraordinary social trends of our time (Tischler, 2001, p.19). However, the opposing view of this standpoint is that there is no decline in fatherhood. There are very few people saying that they doubt the fundamental importance of mothers, yet there are those that believe that the importance of a father figure is diminishing (Tischler, 2001). There are even those who see the father position in a family to be easily replaceable with another figure such as a stepfather, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or any other person (Tischler, 2001). My view on the topic of whether or not a father is needed in a family, and yes I mean the birth father, not a replacement, is based upon my own upbringing. Since I am a male and am in the position of being a potential father, it only makes sense that I see the position of the father as an instrumental one pertaining to the upbringing of a child. I am constantly s urrounded by those who are in a family where either their parents are divorced and remarried, or those who live in single-parent household. I am biased on the issue of why a father figure is necessary due to the fact that I was raised, and am still being raised in a household where my parents remain married. I couldnt possibly imagine being raised in a family that is broken because Ive never experienced that situation. Therefore I find it a necessary that there be a father present in the lives of their children. Research MethodsAfter deciding on the topic of fatherhood and why it is important, I gathered the necessary information pertaining to my topic out of the book: Marriage and the Family Issues by H.L. Tischler. After reading through the article written by David Popenoe entitled A World Without Fathers I was informed on the stance of why it is imperative to have a father in the house while a child is growing up. Then I was informed of the ideas and concepts that support the view that finds the father figure unnecessary by reading the article Deconstructing the Essential Father written by Louise B. Silverstein and Carl F. Auerbach. At the end of the chapter in the book there were related websites where I could find more information. I visited these sites, however I found them to be of little use in developing, and portraying my stance on this issue. They each seemed to be commercialized and I didnt find any information that fit my position in this argument. From there I went to the searc h engine (ixquick.com) and searched for more information. I found the website (fatherhood.about.com) to be a very good site with which to research. Located at this address on the world wide web were different articles from newspapers and other publications containing information on fatherhood, fatherlessness, single fathers, and more. Under each of the previous mentioned topics, there were links to articles written with many different viewpoints, some pro, some con on the issues. The most convincing data, other then the two opposing viewpoints offered in Marriage and the Family Issues, came from one of these articles entitled, Contributions of Dads Cover Many Fronts written by Dr. Wade Horn. This article taken from the Washington Times gave the three different views on understanding why a son needs a father. Its answer to this dilemma is for the father to be around to do those fatherly duties such as;? A father needs to be a breadwinner and support the sonmonetarily. ? A father must be a second pair of hands, ultimately coming down to two is better then one. ? A father needs to sustain that unique combination of the mother-father relationship where the father takes care of the machismo acts and the mother offers the typical sensitive side (Dr. Wade Horn, 1999). Another article that offered a great deal of information not only for my side of the argument, but for both, was the article entitled Effects of Fatherlessness. This study of data collected by way of population surveys includes such data as: Children from a fatherless home are 5 times more likely to commit suicide, 32 times more likely to run away, 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders, and so on (Stuart Birks, 1996, p. 1). There are many other statistics like the ones previously mentioned in the data sheet that discuss and support the idea that fathers are a necessity in the lives of their offspring. My research concluded after I started to find the sociological views that support these theories, both my view and its opposing view, found in the textbook that accompanies the class. In Lindsey and Beachs book I found three direct quotes discussing the views of different sociological methods that pertained to the family role of the father. As pertaining to support my view t hat fathers are necessary figures, I found that the Functionalist point of view supports my claim. It mentions that it is more beneficial to the child if there are nonoverlapping instrumental and expressive gender roles where the husband-father has ultimate decision making power (Lindsey Beach, 2000, p.376). The other sociological view, the Conflict Theory, supports the other claim, that there is not a need for a father due to the social placement which promotes female subservience, neglect and poverty (Lindsey Beach, 2000, p.377). After successfully completing the research phase of this project I gathered my information by quoting the different sources. After compiling my highlighted quotes on note cards I was ready to shape the paper in an outline. From the outline, I wrote my paper. The Tell Tale Heart EssaySo to answer the question; Is fatherhood being devalued? By some, yes, due to the fact that there are so many marriages ending in divorce. Fathers are often tossed aside because theyve either fallen out love with their mate, or many of the other reasons couples divorce or separate. But it stands true, based on the facts that there is no one else who can do the job and tasks that are deemed necessary of a father better then the one person who was given the title, birth father.Conclusions and ReflectionMy initial thought on the father issue before all of the research and writing was that the father figure is an important one. On a deeper look into things I also thought the father in the family, in order to be most beneficial, must be the birth father. My stance did not change in researching this topic, but I did have to stop and think. While researching this topic, I thought, hey it might not be so bad for the father to be a step-dad because I did find some i nformation that said a stepfather can be beneficial. I did go back to my original thought however because I found a source, which was mentioned previously, which totally debunked the thought. Horn (2000) mentioned that children get their identity from their birth parents and without them in their lives, they go through identity crisis, which is one thing that is not needed. By looking at both sides of the issue Ive found that it is easier pick apart the opposing sides argument by looking at one issue within the main issue, and knowing what is wrong with the other sides opinion. While researching I found that there are many issues that can be looked at with two different point of views. Take for example the issue of having a father live in the house as opposed to anywhere else found in R.C. Lohrs article. He talked about distant dads and how there are many fathers who work and live in an apartment or some type of dwelling while they work and make it back to their family every now and then. He mentioned that here are these types of families who have problems with their children. The opposing side may view this topic as a way to say, look, theres a family with the father figure still intact and theres a dysfunction. My standpoint however would be that the father is gone most of the time like a father in a divorce so there are most likely going to be some p roblems. In closing Id like to give quote that put the whole topic of how important a father is in a family. But not just fatherhood, parenting as a whole. Dr. Wade Horn (2000) wrote: Fathers are important, critically important, to the healthy development of their (children). And so, of course, are mothers. Lucky is the child who has both.BibliographyReferencesBirks, Stuart. (24 January, 1996). Coalition of Family Support(12 paragraphs). Effects of Fatherlessness (US Data). . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masey.ac.nz%2F%7EKBirks%2Fgender%2Fecon%2Fnodad.htmGrant, Travis. (14 January, 2000). Fatherhood (14 paragraphs). Fatherhood: Past, Present, and Future. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/library/weekly/aa10699a.htm?terms=fatherhood%3A+past+present+and+futureHorn, Wade. (9 March, 1999). Fatherly Advice (20 paragraphs). Contributions of Dads Cover Many Fronts. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatherhood.org%2Fhorn%2Fhorn-030999.htmlLindsey, Linda L. and Stephen Beach. 2000. Sociology: Social Lifeand Social Issues. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lohr, R.C. (Winter 1989). Clinical Observations on Interferencesof Early Father Absence in the Achievement of Femininity (15paragraphs). Clinical Social Work Journal V.17, #4. . Available: http://fatherhood.about.com/parenting/fatherhood/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vix.com%2Fpub%2Fmen%Fnofather%2Feffects.htmlTischler, H.L., ed. 2001. Debating Points: Marriage and theFamily Issues. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Riverside leisure Centre Essay Example

Riverside leisure Centre Paper Riverside Leisure Centre is situated in Chelmsford, Essex and is owned by Chelmsford Borough Council. They have had only one reported unauthorised entry to the complex in the last five years. The complex contains three swimming pools, an outdoor, heated indoor and a toddler indoor. It also has a Techno gym, ice rink, sports hall, licensed bar and a childrens indoor play area. Due to the wide range of activities available, Riverside has a lot of visitors to its complex. The bigger the crowds attracted, the bigger the risk of the security of customers and employees data being misused by unauthorised members of the public. This therefore calls for a good quality security system, both physically and via software. Having analysed the security systems at Riverside, with the help of answered questionnaires from the centres management and from sketches of the leisure centre itself, I have noticed that there is a good quality system in use here. In this case study I will explain the methods, advantages and disadvantages of the current system and make recommendations on how to make the leisure centre more secure. Software Security Of Riverside Passwords Riverside uses a password log on system on all computers within the centre. Each employee has its own username and password to log on to the computer, which holds data. This makes it impossible for intruders to log on to the computer without having access to an employees user name and password. This is useful because it prevents unauthorised access but also allows management to pinpoint who has been on the computers at any one time. If an employee told an unauthorised person their username and password and that person obtained data from the computer, management could see exactly which employee had loaned their username/password and deal with them appropriately. We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Riverside leisure Centre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Riverside also operates a hierarchy system when using passwords to access data. If the system holds some high security data the system is able to block certain users (even authorised system users) from accessing it. This means that management get to see high security data exclusively and therefore reducing the risk of it falling it to the wrong hands. Policies of Shareware/Freeware Riverside does not download freeware or shareware from the Internet as it recognises the dangers of hidden viruses in the attachments and programs themselves. These programs are often not certified and therefore if downloaded, crucial files may become corrupt as a result of a virus being let into the system this way. Data Protection Act Riverside also abides by the Data protection Act (1998 as amended). The Act is in place to protect the data held by the data user (in this case the data held will be addresses, bank details, fitness levels of customers and the data user will be Riverside). There are eight principles to the Data Protection Act, as was there in the 1984 version. The only difference between the 1984 version and the amended version of 1998 is that the 1998 version has been widened to include data that is stored on computers and can easily be transferred to another country by use of email. Principles of the Data Protection Act The following principles will apply to Riverside when it is using the data it has collected from customers. 1/Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully and at least one of the processing conditions is met, and in the case of processing the data must be processed fairly and lawfully and at least one of the conditions for processing sensitive personal data is met. The conditions for each of these categories would usually be that the subject has given consent. Personal data processing conditions: The subjects consent may not be required if the processing is to protect the subject as in the case of urgently retrieving a subjects medical record after a serious accident, or for the administration of justice, or to comply with legal obligations, or in the public interest. Processing conditions The subjects consent may not be required if: The Data Controller has legal obligations to process the subjects employee data  Ã‚  or if the data subject is unable to give consent, e. g. unconscious   In order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another person   In a case where consent on or behalf of another person has been unreasonably withheld, e. g. parents religious beliefs preventing their childs right to hospital treatment and life.   Or where processing is necessary for legal reasons, e. g. obtaining legal advice, exercising or defending legal rights, for the administration of justice. Or   The processing is carried out as part of the lawful activities of any non-profit making political, philosophical, religious, or trade union organisation. The processing must safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subjects. It must be limited to members or persons in regular contact with the organisation and it must not disclose any personal data to others without the data subjects consent. Or the Secretary of State may specify cases where this condition is excluded or modified, e. g.   Where the processing is necessary for medical purposes. Where sensitive personal data is necessary for monitoring equal opportunities for people of different racial or ethnic origins and is carried out with the usual safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. 2/Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. There are two methods that a Data Controller may use to specify the purposes for which personal data are obtained: By informing the data subject or,By notifying the Data Protection Commissioner. This is in addition to notification (registration). All controllers must notify and pay the notification fee. 3/Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. This is similar to the 1984 Act fourth Principle but the new wider definition of processing is now applied. Organisations are required to state the purpose for which data is processed and cannot process it for any other purposes without further notification. A dating agency may collect and process data for the purpose of matching compatible people. They cannot then use that data to identify prospective punters for a sideline in cosmetic surgery, unless they notify the data subjects or the Commissioner of their intention. 4/Personal data shall be accurate and where necessary, kept up to date. Data Controllers must take reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of the data. At school, students are frequently given their personal details to take home and check. They are given the opportunity to change any out of date or incorrect data. Other organisations carry out similar checks at regular intervals. This task costs the organisation money for clerical staff to print out the details, collect them in again and edit the records to bring them up-to-date but is necessary by law. 5/Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. Example: Data may be collected from applicants for a job. That data can only be stored for the period of assessment, interview and selection. After that it should be discarded. Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act. A data subject is entitled to make a written request to the data controller (accompanied by administration fee) and be given details of their data within 40 days. This will consist of: A description of their data, What it contains the purposes for which it is being processed, Why it is being processed people to whom it may be disclosed, Who is allowed to see it the name of the organisation that is actually carrying out the processing of their data. Which organisation will perform the processing? Data subjects have the right to have inaccurate data amended or deleted. They also have new rights of:   preventing processing that is likely to cause damage or distress and to sue for compensation if damage or distress has been caused.   they can prevent processing for direct marketing purposes, so anyone can stop the arrival of personalised junk mail by writing to the data controller. they are entitled to be informed of the logic used in automated decision making, e. g. obtaining a mortgage depending on a calculation involving salary, credit worthiness and other details. they have the right to ask the Commissioner to check whether certain processing of their data is being carried out unlawfully. 6/Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. Data must be kept private and secure. This means that the data controller must ensure that data is backup up regularly, virus checked, and restricted to named authorised persons by means of passwords or other means. Any data processors that a data controller may use for processing their data must be professional enough to guarantee the privacy and security of the data. It is also the data controllers responsibility to ensure that the data processor carries out the processing as specified according to an agreed contract. 7/Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area, unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The European Economic Area is currently the member countries of the EEC plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. There are certain circumstances where the Eighth Principle does not apply to a transfer of data. They are:   The data subject has given consent to the transfer   As part of a contract between the data subject and the data controller Or, the transfer is necessary In the conclusion of a contract between the data controller or is in the data subjects interest, or   Fo reasons of substantial public interest. The Secretary of State can order and explain such a transfer, or * For legal reasons, such as advice, legal proceedings or defending legal rights, or * The transfer is part of the personal data on a public register * The transfer has been authorised by the Commissioner and ensures adequate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. 8/ Personal data held for any purpose or purposes shall not be disclosed in any matter incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. (Principles obtained from www. the-data-protection-act. co. uk) The Data Protection Act gives us the right to access our own personal data that a company holds about us, and also gives us the right to correct it if its false. The right is also given to complain to the Data Protection Registrar if the data has been collected or used in any way that is disrespectful, unlawful or unfair. Registration The data user (in this case Riverside) must register the intended use, details of the personal data held, the ways in which it may be passed and to whom it may be passed and whether or not it may be transferred from country to country, if yes, which countries. This is filled in on the registration form given by the Data Registrar and is then sent off, along with a fee for registration (around i 70). This must be done before information is used because unlawful usage of data possesses a i 5000 fine in a magistrates court and an unlimited fine in a High court. If a person suffers due to unlawful usage of data they also can claim compensation from the company and the courts, adjusted with the severity of the case, decide this amount. Exemptions to the Registration There are exemptions from the registration. If the company/data user falls under one or more of the following categories then the registration is not applicable. 1/When your data is being used only in connection with personal, family or recreational use. 2/Where data is used only for the preparation of text documents. 3/Where the data is being used only for the calculation of wages and pensions, or for the production of accounts. 4/Where the data is used for the distribution of articles and information e. g. unsolicited mail (i. e. mail which advertises goods or a service you have not requested). 5/Where a sports club or a recreational club that is not a limited company holds the data. These exemptions include Riverside as they are a, sport or recreational club which is not a limited company. We know they are not a limited company as limited companies (both private and public) belong in the private sector. Riverside, however, is in the public sector as it is owned by a local government (Chelmsford Borough Council). This exempts them from having to register with the Data Registrar, however, they still must abide by the principles of the act to avoid prosecution. According to the questionnaire I carried out, all Riverside staff that have access to the data are fully educated on the principles of the Data Protection Act. Recommended software security measures that Riverside could operate in the future Firewalls Riverside could use firewalls when accessing the Internet. A firewall is a program that can be installed onto the system to protect itself against the user doing any damage to it. It restricts the user from entering parts of the system. These are particularly useful if the system has access to a dial up connection, either to access an e-mail provider or the Internet, as things can be downloaded and can cause havoc with the system if they contain a virus etc. Firewalls also can control incoming call IDs to the system and can block IDs if they dont fit into a pre-specified category, which prevents computer hackers from gaining access to the system. This controls, although doesnt block altogether, the threat of viruses and unauthorised access to the data. However, such a program does have one main disadvantage. Anti-virus Software Surprisingly, Riversides systems are not yet equipped with anti-virus software. This would be a good investment as a good quality program such as McAfee or Norton Anti-Virus can detect most known viruses and can delete them and clean the system in a matter of minutes. However, this kind of software is only worth investing in if time is taken by the user to run it regularly or set it into an automatic mode so it can detect the viruses. Encryption Riverside could also encrypt data that it passes through the Internet or their own Intranet or LAN. Encryption codes the data at the sending end so that if it is intercepted between its start off point and its destination no other person other than who it is intended for can read it. No one else can read it as only the data receiver has the decoder. Once the data receiver receives the encrypted data, it can be decoded by applying the decoder to the message and then it can be read normally. This prevents any unauthorised viewing and is a good way to make sure secure data does not fall into the wrong hands. The encrypter and the decoder are stored on the computers memory so they cannot be lost or forgotten. However, if the computer is stolen then the next user can carry on encrypting or decoding messages and this would prove not very secure. To overcome this problem you could either:   Make sure the computer is surrounded by physical security and therefore cannot be stolen. Or   Add a password to the encryption process so that the next user has to know the password to activate the encrypter or decoder. Back-Up Disks Another way to insure that the data on Riversides computer system is secure is to make back up disks of everything on the computer. This means if a virus distorts the data, the computer crashes, the disk that holds the data is lost, stolen or destroyed or if you even accidentally delete the document then there is always a back up at hand. To do this you simply save any important documents on a 3 1/2 floppy disk and keep in a safe place. Physical Security As well as protecting the data from potential viruses and unlawful use via software security, Riverside also realises it has to protect itself by physical use also. The following security measures are currently in operation at Riverside. Locks All rooms that contain computers are locked with pin code locks. If a wrong pin code is entered more than three times on the pad of these locks, the alarm is activated. The alarm will then alert the security guard on duty that an unauthorised person is trying to get into the computer room. All staff which need to know the pin code to access the computer have been told the in code but staff which do not use computers as part of their daily routine do not have access to the pin code. This is particularly useful as it deters unauthorised people from trying to break in if they know the alarm will be activated. Turnstiles At the Riverside entrance there is an obvious physical security measure as they have turnstiles so you can only get into the complex by the receptionist pressing a button to unlock the turnstile. This prevents anyone suspicious from getting into the complex and therefore reduces the risk of any harm coming to its customers and their computer systems. Uniforms. Also, staff in the complex wear uniform so they are easily recognisable from a member of the public. This means that if a member of the public is seen in a restricted access area they can easily be recognised from staff and therefore can be effectively removed before any damage is done. CCTV Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is also used on the premises. CCTV uses cameras around the complex (they are concealed in Riverside so potential intruders do not know where to find them) and these cameras are all linked back to a main control room. These rooms contain security workers scanning the images from all the cameras on the televisions on which they are shown for possible intruders. CCTV in Riverside has a main control room somewhere in the complex (for security reasons I couldnt find out where it was) and has 37 cameras around the complex. The cameras used in Riverside are moveable so the can turn and cover a much wider spectrum and therefore they are able to use one moveable camera to cover the space that three or perhaps four stationary cameras could cover. Therefore, moveable cameras are more cost effective than stationary ones. However, there are disadvantages to using this kind of camera- these are shown below.   If one breaks down then a wider space is not being covered. If a stationary one broke down then there would be only a little space that wouldnt be covered. Fireproof Doors and Gas looding Riverside also uses fireproof doors to prevent damage to the computer systems in case of a fire. These doors are made of metal with a high melting point so however hot the fire the door will not let the fire in. They also use a gas flooding system. If the fire alarm is activated (the fire alarm is run by a temperature sensitive sensor) then carbon dioxide gas is let out of air vents in the ceiling of the computer rooms as each temperature sensor goes off to warn about a fire. This facility is turned off for routine fire alarms and is only activated when the temperature is way above normal body heat so therefore can not be set off by a hot room. When surveying the site I noticed that there was only one entrance to the complex. This narrows down the ways that intruders can enter the building and also is more cost effective as they dont have to have security equipment anywhere else, as there are no other entrances. Also, when I walked around the outside of the complex I noticed that there is barbed wire at the top of all high walls around the complex so it would be difficult and painful, if not impossible to enter the building by climbing over the walls. Also, when I walked past the staff car park I noticed that all cars parked in there had the same badge in the windscreen, therefore it must be an access badge to park in the car park. Also, there is a kiosk with a barrier that is lowered whilst the security guard checks the windscreen badges and is only highered to let the car in when the guard has seen the security badge. Suggested Measures of Physical Security for Riverside As well as the impressive current physical security measures of Riverside they could also utilise the following measures to make sure their data stays secure. They could lock and bolt all computers to the desks so they cannot be forcefully taken from the desks. They could buy computer systems with removable hard drives (where all the data is stored) so that they can take the hard drives out of the system after use and lock them in a safe etc. This would mean if the computer systems were stolen then the data wouldnt be lost and it would not have fallen in to the wrong hands. More security alarms could be used. There is already a temperature sensor in case of a fire in operation but there is no movement sensor in case of a break in. These are not very expensive and can quickly alert the police of a break in. Security alarms could also be used on all emergency exits so that if they are opened with force the alarm will be triggered and the intruder will either be scared off or caught before any damage is done. They could also put a UV coding (a code which is not visible to the human eye but when it is scanned with Ultra violet light then the code can be read) on all hardware and peripheral devices. This ensures speedy return in the case of them being stolen and recovered by the police. Conclusion In conclusion, I have discovered that the physical security of Riverside is very good. They are currently utilising 10 out of 14 of the physical security measures I suggested and the statistic of only one unauthorised entry to the complex in five years (Chelmsford Borough Council 2001) proves that the measures are working as they should be. The following list shows the advantages of the current physical security system: * Secure * Some measures are inexpensive, such as high walls, barbed wire, barriers at car park and turnstiles at entrance etc. * Mostly manually operated or force operated. This is better than if it was automated because mistakes are rare and shifts are operated so workers are constantly awake and on the ball. To every good system there is a downside. Here is a list of disadvantages to the current physical security system. * The automatically operated systems such as CCTV or the alarms may be vandalised etc and this may stop them from working. * Some parts of the system are expensive such as CCTV, alarms and fireproof doors. CCTV is still cost effective as it used frequently but fireproof doors may never get to prove themselves, as fires are rare. However, the software security of Riverside is only average. It only operates 4 or the 8 software measures I suggested. There is one highlight of the software security system, this is that they abide by the Data Protection Act (1998) even though they are exempt by the rule that says, Where a sports club or a recreational club that is not a limited company holds the data. We already know that Riverside is run by the council and therefore is not a limited company so it exempt. However all employees have knowledge of the Data Protection Act and therefore are preventing themselves from getting persecuted. I did expect them to use virus protection on their computers and the fact that they didnt means that they were easily susceptible to viruses that would have distorted their data. I strongly recommend that they get an anti-virus program to protect themselves. The following is a list of the advantages to the software security system currently in operation at Riverside:   It is legal and understands the laws that are applicable to them and the use of the data that they possess.   The password system prevents any unauthorised access to the system unless one of the employees tells of their password. If an employee tells this, it is easy to pinpoint who has done it as their area password would have been used and it can be tracked. It recognises the use of freeware/shareware can be damaging to the system.   The hierarchy system only lets top management view the most secure documents.   Cost effective The system also has its downfalls; here is a list of the disadvantages to the system.   No virus scanner was in use, leaving them open to viruses transmitted from the Intranet, LAN or Internet No encryption of data was being used and therefore important data may be viewed by unauthorised people whilst in transit between destinations. Firewalls were not in operation therefore the door to untrained employees is left wide open to access potentially damaging parts of the computers hard drive or Internet.   Cost effective but not secure enough to prevent data being exposed. This concludes the case study on Riverside Ice and Leisure and its security systems. The recommendations for a new system are shown with the analysis of the systems and these may well be put into place by Riverside in the near future. The evidence I used to put together this case study is shown in appendices on the next page.

Adversarial System essays

Adversarial System essays To begin with, it is essential to understand the basic underlying features of the adversary system. The adversary system defines a mode of dispute resolution in which the competing claims of parties are presented by legal representatives who have interest in the outcomes of dispute, to an impartial third party, with power to impose authorities. The vital notion that the judge controls the courtroom and decides the various issues of procedure, are the components of a true adversarial system. Furthermore, other important elements include that the state law enforcement agencies do investigative work for the state, whilst the opposing parties determine themselves what evidence each of them will present to the court. Most importantly, the defendant maintains presumption of innocence and has both the right to account for himself and the also right to a jury. These are the most important elements that constitute the adversary system, it is now necessary to demonstrate how this system have proved at times to be ineffective The adversarial systems effectiveness is reflected through the conduct of trial and reliability of circumstantial evidence presented by the crown in the original trial CHAMBERLAIN V. THE QUEEN where Lyndi was Criminally convicted of the murder of her son Azaria. This was overturned in the second trial (appeal) when all evidences, both physical and expert were reproduced and most were found to be circumstantial under re-examination and cross-examination. Evidently, the absence of the babys body, any identified weapon, lack of motive and no confession. The expert who had previously testified against the accused, also admitted he had given evidence without proper knowledge of all the attendant circumstances. The trial judge concluded that there was question mark as to weather the jury might have arrived this original verdict of the accused because they accepted the evidence that the blood was foetal, and whe...

Installing PHP on Linux

Installing PHP on Linux It can be really helpful to have PHP installed on your home computer. Especially if youre still learning. So today Im going to walk you through how to do so on a PC with linux. First things first, youre going to need Apache to be installed already. 1. Download Apache, this will assume you download the latest version as of this publication, which is 2.4.3. If you use a different one, be sure to change the commands below (since we use the name of the file). 2. Move this to your src folder, at / usr/local/src, and run the following commands, which will un archive the zipped source, in a shell: cd /usr/local/srcgzip -d httpd-2.4.3.tar.bz2tar xvf httpd-2.4.3.tarcd httpd-2.4.3 3. The following command is semi-optional. If you dont mind the default options, which installs it to /usr/local/apache2, you can skip to step 4. If youre interested as to what can be customized, then run this command: ./configure help This will give you a list of the options you can change for when it installs. 4. This will install Apache: ./configure enable-somakemake install Note: if you get an error that says something like this: configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH, then you need to install a C compiler. This probably wont happen, but if it does, Google install gcc on [insert your brand of linux] 5. Yay! Now you can start up and test Apache: cd /usr/local/apache2/bin./apachectl start Then point your browser to http://local-host and it should tell you It Works! Note: if you changed where Apache installed, you should adjust the above cd command accordingly. Now that you have Apache installed, you can install and test PHP! Again, this assumes youre downloading a certain file, which is a certain version of PHP. And again, this is the latest stable release as of writing this. That file is named php-5.4.9.tar.bz2 1. Download php-5.4.9.tar.bz2 from www.php.net/downloads.php and again place it in your /usr/local/src then run the following commands: cd /usr/local/srcbzip2 -d php-5.4.9.tar.bz2tar xvf php-5.4.9.tarcd php-5.4.9 2. Again, this step is semi-optional as it deals with configuring php before you install it. So, if you want to customize the installation, or see how you can customize it: ./configure help 3. The next commands actually install PHP, with the default apache install location of /usr/local/apache2: ./configure with-apxs2/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxsmakemake installcp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini 4. Open the file /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf and add the following text: SetHandler application/x-httpd-php Then while in that file make sure it has a line that says LoadModule php5_module modules/libphp5.so 5. Now you will want to restart apache and verify that php is installed and woking correctly: /usr/local/bin/apache2/apachectl restart No make a file called test.php in your /usr/local/apache2/htdocs folder with the following line in it: phpinfo(); ? Now point your favorite internet browser at http://local-host/test.php and it should tell you all about your working php installation.

Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Netflix - Essay Example Netflix is seen to essentially operate in three different segments which include: Domestic streaming, Domestic DVD and International streaming. While its domestic and international streaming derives revenue for the company by the collection of revenue from the various monthly subscriptions paid by the customers for streaming content, its domestic segment derives revenue from monthly DVD-by-mail subscriptions. The company’s content is delivered to its users over the internet through various connected devices such as personal computers, Macs, Blue-ray players, play stations, home theatre systems and Internet video players. The company’s revenue growth is estimated at about 32.9% which has been found to be about thrice the current home video industry as a whole. By charging monthly subscription fees that are at times as low as $7.99 for unlimited monthly subscription (Carr, 2011), and having no late fees, Netflix is able to account for an estimated 90% of all online DVD re ntals in the United States and about 3-5 percent for all the county’s home video rentals. ... Netflix has put in place a number of cost management measures that serve in helping the company effectively balance the declining rental costs, some of these measures include: the company’s use of up to date technology, and its provision of adequate convenience to customers all serve to greatly aid against its competitors. Netflix Value chain Analysis Inbond Logistics: The Netflix has been able to sign a deal with Time Warner Bros. that in addition to extending its movie title licensing from the studio will also serve to add more TV shows to Netflix library. Netflix is seen to have greatly standardized its physical distribution method by using USPS to easily distribute DVD’s across the country. Operations: Netflix has several factory centers across the United States that manage the distribution of its television programs and movies. To distribute its DVD movies, the company is seen to first purchase them and then package each DVD into a red folder which is clearly label ed with the company’s logo. Netflix also ensures that it maintains good quality titles for physical distribution in addition to providing all its customers with quality customer care. The company offers its customers a limitless inventory and is continuously expanding its bandwidth so as to continue offering its customer’s seamless move and TV shows streaming. Outbound Logistics: Netflix is seen to be focused on attempting to build more partnerships with the various movie producing companies so as to be able to add more titles to their ever expanding library. This is aimed at providing their customers with more DVDs more quickly. The constant availability of new movie titles and TV shows is seen to